{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:40:41Z","timestamp":1792791641129,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No 68\/4\/2009-NCD-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No 68\/4\/2009-NCD-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in geographically diverse regions of India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A population-based, cross-sectional multicentric study was conducted in adults aged \u226540 years in plains, hilly and coastal regions of India. All participants underwent a detailed questionnaire-based assessment for sun exposure, usage of sun protective measures, exposure to indoor smoke, and smoking. Detailed ocular and systemic examinations were performed. Pterygium was diagnosed and graded clinically by slit-lamp examination. Association of pterygium with sociodemographic, ophthalmological, and systemic parameters was assessed. Physical environmental parameters for the study period were estimated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 12,021 eligible subjects, 9735 (81% response rate) participated in the study. The prevalence of pterygium in any eye was 13.2% (95% CI: 12.5%-13.9%), and bilateral pterygium was 6.7% (95% CI: 6.2\u20137.2). The prevalence increased with age (&lt;0.001) irrespective of sex and was highest in those aged 60\u201369 years (15.8%). The prevalence was highest in coastal (20.3%), followed by plains (11.2%) and hilly regions (9.1%). On multi-logistic regression, pterygium was positively associated with coastal location (P&lt;0.001), illiteracy (P = 0.037), increasing lifetime sun exposure (P&lt;0.001), and negatively associated with BMI \u226525 kg\/m2 (P = 0.009).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pterygium prevalence is high in the rural Indian population. The association of pterygium with several potentially modifiable risk factors reflects its multifactorial etiology and provides targets for preventive measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T13:52:07Z","timestamp":1658411527000},"page":"e0270065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The association of sun exposure, ultraviolet radiation effects and other risk factors for pterygium (the SURE RISK for pterygium study) in geographically diverse adult (\u226540 years) rural populations of India -3rd report of the ICMR-EYE SEE study group"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9554-9933","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Radhika","family":"Tandon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Vashist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1250-7373","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noopur","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1788-4549","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saumya","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipali","family":"Deka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachchidanand","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Vishwanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5695-866X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"G. V. S.","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0270065.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1939.00860100034003","article-title":"Susruta and his ophthalmic operations","volume":"22","author":"NK Bidy\u0101dhar","year":"1939","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70278-1","article-title":"Pterygium: descriptive nomenclature of the past","volume":"6","author":"J. 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The Central India Eye and Medical Study","volume":"8","author":"V Nangia","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.150847","article-title":"The prevalence of and risk factors for pterygium in an urban Malay population: the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES)","volume":"94","author":"H Cajucom-Uy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702046","article-title":"Epidemiology of pterygium on a tropical island in the Riau Archipelago","volume":"20","author":"CSH Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.152694","article-title":"Prevalence of pterygium in Latinos: Proyecto VER","volume":"93","author":"S West","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2007.01630.x","article-title":"Pterygium in Tibetans: a population-based study in China","volume":"35","author":"P Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.031","article-title":"Pterygium Prevalence and Its Associations in a Russian Population: The Ural Eye and Medical Study","volume":"205","author":"MM Bikbov","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0902-6","article-title":"Association between pterygium, sun exposure, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin in a nationally representative sample of Korean adults","volume":"17","author":"YH Chun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids in Health and Disease"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12455","article-title":"Pterygium and conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence in young Australian adults: the Raine study","volume":"43","author":"CM McKnight","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref028","article-title":"Association between pterygium and obesity status in a South Korean population","volume":"95","author":"GE Nam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2017.32.1.143","article-title":"Outdoor Air Pollution and Pterygium in Korea","volume":"32","author":"KW Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5378","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10115378","article-title":"Is Household Air Pollution a Risk Factor for Eye Disease?","volume":"10","author":"SK West","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12309","article-title":"The use of conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) as a biomarker of time spent outdoors","volume":"36","author":"O Kearney S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"pone.0270065.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02314.x","article-title":"The association between pterygium and conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence: the Norfolk Island Eye Study","volume":"91","author":"JC Sherwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T13:53:02Z","timestamp":1658411582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270065"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muralidhar M.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270065","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.742242632.793595039","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]}}}