{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:37:08Z","timestamp":1779313028373,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/15513-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/15513-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different levels of resistance against<jats:italic>Rhizopus oryzae<\/jats:italic>infection have been observed between inbred (BALB\/c) and outbred (Swiss) mice and are associated with the genetic background of each mouse strain. Considering that macrophages play an important role in host resistance to<jats:italic>Rhizopus<\/jats:italic>species, we used different infectious outcomes observed in experimental mucormycosis to identify the most efficient macrophage response pattern against<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>oryzae in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. For this, we compared BALB\/c and Swiss macrophage activity before and after intravenous or intratracheal<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>oryzae<\/jats:italic>infections. The production of hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and nitric oxide (NO) was determined in cultures of peritoneal (PM\u03a6) or alveolar macrophages (AM\u03a6) challenged with heat-killed spores of<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>oryzae<\/jats:italic>. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured to confirm our findings. Na\u00efve PM\u03a6 from female BALB\/c mice showed increased production of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-10 in the presence of heat-killed spores of<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>oryzae<\/jats:italic>. Na\u00efve PM\u03a6 from female Swiss mice were less responsive. Na\u00efve AM\u03a6 from the two strains of female mice were less reactive to heat-killed spores of<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>oryzae<\/jats:italic>than PM\u03a6. After 30 days of<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>oryzae<\/jats:italic>intravenous infection, lower fungal load in spleen from BALB\/c mice was accompanied by higher production of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>by PM\u03a6 compared with Swiss mice. In contrast, AM\u03a6 from BALB\/c mice showed higher production of NO, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-10 after 7 days of intratracheal infection. The collective findings reveal that, independent of the female mouse strain, PM\u03a6 is more reactive against<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>oryzae<\/jats:italic>upon first contact than AM\u03a6. In addition, increased PM\u03a6 production of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>at the end of disseminated infection is accompanied by better fungal clearance in resistant (BALB\/c) mice. Our findings further the understanding of the parasite\u2013host relationship in mucormycosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T18:36:38Z","timestamp":1671129398000},"page":"e0270071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Is the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by macrophages associated with better infectious control in female mice with experimentally disseminated and pulmonary mucormycosis?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Amanda Ribeiro dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thais Fernanda","family":"Fraga-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora de 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