{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T20:47:52Z","timestamp":1789332472123,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MO 969\/15-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO 969\/15-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stiftung Deutsche Depressionshilfe"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the transdiagnostic perspective, psychological disorders share common cognitive processes involved in their pathogenesis. One dysfunctional belief that has been found to be associated with several psychological disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), is perfectionism. Perfectionism comprises two factors, namely, perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. This study aims to replicate and extend previous research in several ways. We aimed to assess similarities between the two disorders using Bayesian statistics. Furthermore, as dysfunctional beliefs are assumed to not be fully accessible by introspection, we included an indirect measure (perfectionism single category implicit association task; SC-IAT). The SC-IAT and a self-report measure of perfectionism (FMPS) was used in patients with MDD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 55), OCD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 55), and in healthy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 64). In replication of previous findings, patients with MDD and OCD differed from healthy controls regarding self-reported perfectionism scores. Furthermore, Bayesian statistics showed that the two patient groups did not differ regarding perfectionistic strivings and only showed differences on perfectionistic concerns, when the doubts about actions subscale\u2013which is also closely related to symptoms of OCD\u2013was included. Contrary to our expectations, the SC-IAT did not discriminate groups. In conclusion, these results give further evidence that self-reported perfectionism may serve as a relevant transdiagnostic process. More studies are needed to assess implicit facets of perfectionism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T17:59:58Z","timestamp":1665683998000},"page":"e0270184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Direct and indirect assessment of perfectionism in patients with depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4814-1497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara","family":"Cludius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Landmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Katrin","family":"K\u00fclz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Takano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Moritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Jelinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0270184.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1359","article-title":"Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States","volume":"21","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.06.009","article-title":"The relation between depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from a large, naturalistic follow-up study","volume":"203","author":"J Rickelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.04.002","article-title":"Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD): An international collaboration","volume":"76","author":"V Brakoulias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780198528883.001.0001","volume-title":"Cognitive behavioural processes across psychological disorders: A transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment","author":"AG Harvey","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref005","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health. Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) [Internet]. 2022 [zitiert 28. April 2022]. Verf\u00fcgbar unter: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/research-priorities\/rdoc\/index.shtml"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270184.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08050721","article-title":"The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates","volume":"165","author":"AT Beck","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008043410-0\/50016-7","volume-title":"Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment and treatment","author":"DA Clark","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref008","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: theory, research and treatment","author":"PM Salkovskis","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref009","volume-title":"Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling","author":"AT Beck","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0270184.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00017-X","article-title":"Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"35","author":"Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref011","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","author":"J Stoeber","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270184.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691618797940","article-title":"On the Distinction Between Personal Standards Perfectionism and Excellencism: A Theory Elaboration and Research Agenda","volume":"14","author":"P. Gaudreau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270184.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(93)90181-2","article-title":"A comparison of two measures of perfectionism","volume":"14","author":"RO Frost","year":"1993","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270184.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22435","article-title":"The relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology: A meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"K Limburg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref015","article-title":"Is perfectionism a vulnerability factor for depressive symptoms, a complication of depressive symptoms, or both? A meta-analytic test of 67 longitudinal studies","author":"MM Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270184.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2015.07.003","article-title":"Predictors of response to cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"15","author":"M Kyrios","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.12.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: Role of maladaptive beliefs and schemas","volume":"65","author":"S Wilhelm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270184.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2807","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and maladaptive perfectionism as maintenance factors for eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms","volume":"29","author":"BM Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Eating Disorders Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270184.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.02.007","article-title":"Perfectionism in depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders","volume":"46","author":"S Sassaroli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref020","article-title":"Dysfunctional beliefs in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression as assessed with the Beliefs Questionnaire (BQ)","author":"F Miegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270184.ref021","first-page":"136","article-title":"Dimensions of perfectionism in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"23","author":"N Soreni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref022","article-title":"The Dimensions of Perfectionism","author":"RO Frost","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270184.ref023","first-page":"255","volume":"59","author":"JStBT Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognitionAnnual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2007.00051.x","article-title":"Psychology as the science of self-reports and finger movements: whatever happened to actual behavior?","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0270184.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.03.003","article-title":"Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A dual process model","volume":"25","author":"CG Beevers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270184.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.01.005","article-title":"Implicit social cognition: From measures to mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"B a. Nosek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2016.01.004","article-title":"Selective attention in perfectionism: Dissociating valence from perfectionism-relevance","volume":"51","author":"JA Howell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270184.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000184","article-title":"Unreliability as a Threat to Understanding Psychopathology: The Cautionary Tale of Attentional Bias","volume":"125","author":"TL Rodebaugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270184.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1464","article-title":"Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test","volume":"74","author":"AG Greenwald","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270184.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0410-6","article-title":"A comparative investigation of seven indirect attitude measures","volume":"46","author":"Y Bar-Anan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270184.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.1.16","article-title":"The single category implicit association test as a measure of implicit social cognition","volume":"91","author":"A Karpinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270184.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2013.32.8.844","article-title":"Indirect measurement of perfectionism: Construct and predictive validity","volume":"32","author":"K De Cuyper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 20","key":"pone.0270184.ref033","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"D V. Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"M. Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270184.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.12.007","article-title":"Reliability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: A meta-analysis over a period of 49years","volume":"189","author":"G Trajkovi\u0107","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270184.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000257972","article-title":"Die Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS): Ein halbstrukturiertes Interview zur Beurteilung des Schweregrades von Denk-und Handlungszw\u00e4ngen","volume":"1","author":"I Hand","year":"1991","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270184.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000072184","article-title":"Reliabilit\u00e4t der Deutschen version der Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale","volume":"13","author":"D Jacobsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Verhaltenstherapie"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-006-2098-7","article-title":"Reliabilit\u00e4t und Validit\u00e4t des revidierten Beck-Depressionsinventars (BDI-II)","volume":"78","author":"C K\u00fchner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270184.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.07.007","article-title":"The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Validation of the German version in a sample of patients with OCD, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders","volume":"22","author":"S G\u00f6nner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(97)00207-9","article-title":"The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale revisited: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions","volume":"24","author":"J. St\u00f6ber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref041","volume-title":"Wortschatztest (WST)","author":"KH Schmidt","year":"1992"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref042","unstructured":"DGPPN. S3-Leitlinie \/ Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression Langfassung. \u00c4rztliches Zentrum f\u00fcr Qualit\u00e4t der Medizin. 2015;"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability","volume":"46","author":"WK Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Archives of general psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref044","unstructured":"Inquisit 4 [Computer Program]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.millisecond.com; 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270184.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior research methods"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref046","article-title":"Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm","author":"A Greenwald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref047","article-title":"Bayesian inference for psychology. Part II: Example applications with JASP","author":"EJ Wagenmakers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref048","article-title":"Bridgesampling: An R package for estimating normalizing constants","author":"QF Gronau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref049","unstructured":"JASP-Team. JASP (Version 0.9.0.1). 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270184.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114551382","article-title":"Implications of the Implicit Association Test D-Transformation for Psychological Assessment","volume":"22","author":"H Blanton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270184.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445508319667","article-title":"So perfect it\u2019s positively harmful?: Reflections on the adaptiveness and maladaptiveness of positive and negative perfectionism","volume":"32","author":"R Glynn Owens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavior Modification"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref052","article-title":"Is perfectionism good, bad, or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct","author":"PJ Bieling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref053","article-title":"Obsessional-compulsive complaints","author":"RJ Hodgson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref054","volume-title":"Cognitive-behavioral treatement for perfectionism","author":"SJ Egan","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0270184.ref055","volume-title":"Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment","author":"S Johnson","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270184.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2017.1384466","article-title":"Are perfectionism dimensions risk factors for anxiety symptoms? A meta-analysis of 11 longitudinal studies","volume":"31","author":"MM Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress and Coping"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270184.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.04.009","article-title":"Perfectionism as a transdiagnostic process: A clinical review","volume":"31","author":"SJ Egan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270184.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618772296","article-title":"The future of intervention science: Process-based therapy","volume":"7","author":"SG Hofmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270184.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20087","article-title":"The RDoC framework: Facilitating transition from ICD\/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology","volume":"13","author":"BN Cuthbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T18:00:51Z","timestamp":1665684051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270184"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Abraham","family":"Weizman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270184","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]}}}