{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:26:18Z","timestamp":1780583178284,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009344","name":"agouron institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009344","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"simons foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While most productivity on the surface of the Earth today is fueled by oxygenic photosynthesis, for much of Earth history it is thought that anoxygenic photosynthesis\u2014using compounds like ferrous iron or sulfide as electron donors\u2014drove most global carbon fixation. Anoxygenic photosynthesis is still performed by diverse bacteria in niche environments today. Of these, the Chlorobi (formerly green sulfur bacteria) are often interpreted as being particularly ancient and are frequently proposed to have fueled the biosphere during late Archean and early Paleoproterozoic time before the rise of oxygenic photosynthesis. Here, we perform comparative genomic, phylogenetic, and molecular clock analyses to determine the antiquity of the Chlorobi and their characteristic phenotypes. We show that contrary to common assumptions, the Chlorobi clade is relatively young, with anoxygenic phototrophy, carbon fixation via the rTCA pathway, and iron oxidation all significantly postdating the rise of oxygen ~2.3 billion years ago. The Chlorobi therefore could not have fueled the Archean biosphere, but instead represent a relatively young radiation of organisms which likely acquired the capacity for anoxygenic photosynthesis and other traits via horizontal gene transfer sometime after the evolution of oxygenic Cyanobacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T14:11:37Z","timestamp":1659363097000},"page":"e0270187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Phototrophy and carbon fixation in Chlorobi postdate the rise of oxygen"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9290-2567","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L. M.","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0270187.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38954-2_142","article-title":"The family Chlorobiaceae","author":"J.F. Imhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Prokaryotes: Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and The Archaea"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270187.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s002030050748","article-title":"Chlorobium ferrooxidans sp. Nov., a phototrophic green sulfur bacterium that oxidizes ferrous iron in coculture with a \u201cGeospirillum\u201d sp. Strain","volume":"172","author":"S. Heising","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270187.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.24","article-title":"\u2018Candidatus Thermochlorobacter aerophilum:\u2019an aerobic chlorophotoheterotrophic member of the phylum Chlorobi defined by metagenomics and metatranscriptomics","volume":"6","author":"Z. Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"The ISME journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270187.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00897","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00897-14","article-title":"Draft genome of a novel Chlorobi member assembled by tetranucleotide binning of a hot spring metagenome","volume":"2","author":"B.W. Stamps","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref005","first-page":"55","article-title":"Mikrobiologische Studien. I. Chlorobium limicola Nads., ein grfiner Mikroorganismus mit inaktivem Chlorophyll","volume":"12","author":"G.A. Nadson","year":"1912","journal-title":"Bull. Imp. Bot. Garden, St. Petersburg"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pone.0270187.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PRES.0000030448.24695.ec","article-title":"Time line of discoveries: anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis","volume":"80","author":"H. Gest","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photosynthesis research"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00323","article-title":"Photoferrotrophy: remains of an ancient photosynthesis in modern environments","volume":"8","author":"A. Camacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270187.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.1.200","article-title":"Evolution of the first metabolic cycles","volume":"87","author":"G. W\u00e4chtersh\u00e4user","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"6375","key":"pone.0270187.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6329","article-title":"201+8. Stealth reactions driving carbon fixation","volume":"359","author":"S.W. Ragsdale","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01212","article-title":"Nutrient acquisition and the metabolic potential of photoferrotrophic chlorobi","volume":"8","author":"K.J. Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270187.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JG004679","article-title":"Primary productivity was limited by electron donors prior to the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis","volume":"124","author":"L.M. Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences"},{"issue":"7060","key":"pone.0270187.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04068","article-title":"Biomarker evidence for green and purple sulphur bacteria in a stratified Palaeoproterozoic sea","volume":"437","author":"J.J. Brocks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.049","article-title":"The evolution and productivity of carbon fixation pathways in response to changes in oxygen concentration over geological time","volume":"140","author":"L.M. Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0270187.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00080","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00080-19","article-title":"Draft Genome Sequence of Chlorobium sp. Strain N1, a Marine Fe (II)-Oxidizing Green Sulfur Bacterium","volume":"8","author":"C. Bryce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Resour Announc"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0270187.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01584","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01584-16","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of the pelagic photoferrotroph Chlorobium phaeoferrooxidans","volume":"5","author":"S.A. Crowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0270187.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9509","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.132181499","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of Chlorobium tepidum TLS, a photosynthetic, anaerobic, green-sulfur bacterium","volume":"99","author":"J.A. Eisen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0270187.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.186072.114","article-title":"CheckM: assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes","volume":"25","author":"D. H. Parks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421","article-title":"BLAST+: architecture and applications","volume":"10","author":"C. Camacho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bmc Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270187.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"R. C. Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0270187.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp033","article-title":"Jalview Version 2-a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench","volume":"25","author":"A. M. Waterhouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0270187.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4284","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty510","article-title":"MetaPOAP: presence or absence of metabolic pathways in metagenome-assembled genomes","volume":"34","author":"L. M. Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0270187.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033","article-title":"RaxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies","volume":"30","author":"A. Stamatakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, M. A., W. Pfeiffer and T. Schwartz (2010). Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. 2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE).","DOI":"10.1109\/GCE.2010.5676129"},{"issue":"7702","key":"pone.0270187.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0043-0","article-title":"Renewing Felsenstein\u2019s phylogenetic bootstrap in the era of big data","volume":"556","author":"F. Lemoine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"W1","key":"pone.0270187.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W242","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw290","article-title":"Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v3: an online tool for the display and annotation of phylogenetic and other trees","volume":"44","author":"I. Letunic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270187.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4229","article-title":"A standardized bacterial taxonomy based on genome phylogeny substantially revises the tree of life","volume":"36","author":"D. H. Parks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270187.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz848","article-title":"GTDB-Tk: a toolkit to classify genomes with the Genome Taxonomy Database","volume":"36","author":"P.A. Chaumeil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref028","first-page":"1","article-title":"A complete domain-to-species taxonomy for Bacteria and Archaea","author":"D.H. Parks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref029","volume-title":"Of urfs and orfs: A primer on how to analyze derived amino acid sequences","author":"R. F. Doolittle","year":"1986"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00260","article-title":"Evolution of phototrophy in the Chloroflexi phylum driven by horizontal gene transfer","volume":"9","author":"L. M. Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270187.ref031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phanerozoic radiation of ammonia oxidizing bacteria","volume":"11","author":"L.M. Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270187.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12200","article-title":"Crown group Oxyphotobacteria postdate the rise of oxygen","volume":"15","author":"P.M. Shih","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geobiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270187.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334","article-title":"Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis","volume":"17","author":"J. Castresana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecular biology and evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270187.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16048","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.48","article-title":"A new view of the tree of life","volume":"1","author":"L.A. Hug","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature microbiology"},{"issue":"40","key":"pone.0270187.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10749","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710798114","article-title":"Evolution of the 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle and recent transfer of anoxygenic photosynthesis into the Chloroflexi","volume":"114","author":"P.M. Shih","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270187.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006650","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006650","article-title":"BEAST 2.5: An advanced software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis","volume":"15","author":"R. Bouckaert","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS computational biology"},{"issue":"30","key":"pone.0270187.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12355","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305813110","article-title":"Primary endosymbiosis events date to the later Proterozoic with cross-calibrated phylogenetic dating of duplicated ATPase proteins","volume":"110","author":"P.M. Shih","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270187.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1130\/G39829.1","article-title":"Precise age of Bangiomorpha pubescens dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis","volume":"46","author":"T.M. Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270187.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic\/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes","volume":"26","author":"N.J. Butterfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21609-6_28","volume-title":"Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology","author":"G. M. Garrity","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270187.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.158","article-title":"Refining the phylum Chlorobi by resolving the phylogeny and metabolic potential of the representative of a deeply branching, uncultivated lineage","volume":"10","author":"J. Hiras","year":"2016","journal-title":"The ISME journal"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-060313-054810","article-title":"Evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis","volume":"44","author":"W.W. Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evs127","article-title":"Chlorophyll biosynthesis gene evolution indicates photosystem gene duplication, not photosystem merger, at the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis","volume":"5","author":"F. L. Sousa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol"},{"issue":"1658","key":"pone.0270187.ref044","article-title":"Evolutionary Implications of Anoxygenic Phototrophy in the Bacterial Phylum Candidatus Eremiobacterota (WPS-2)","volume":"10","author":"L.M. Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-1-187","article-title":"Roseiflexus castenholzii gen. nov., sp nov., a thermophilic, filamentous, photosynthetic bacterium that lacks chlorosomes","volume":"52","author":"S. Hanada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270187.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0239248","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239248","article-title":"Granick revisited: synthesizing evolutionary and ecological evidence for the late origin of bacteriochlorophyll via ghost lineages and horizontal gene transfer","volume":"16","author":"L.M. Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6701","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.06124-11","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis and identification of envelope proteins of \u201cCandidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum\u201d chlorosomes","volume":"193","author":"A. M. Garcia Costas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"issue":"6375","key":"pone.0270187.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2410","article-title":"Reversibility of citrate synthase allows autotrophic growth of a thermophilic bacterium","volume":"359","author":"A. Mall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref049","first-page":"91","article-title":"A phylogenetic approach to the early evolution of autotrophy: the case of the reverse TCA and the reductive acetyl-CoA pathways","volume":"17","author":"A. Becerra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Microbiol"},{"issue":"7642","key":"pone.0270187.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20826","article-title":"Onset of the aerobic nitrogen cycle during the Great Oxidation Event","volume":"542","author":"A.L. Zerkle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270187.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00553-19","article-title":"Validating the Cyc2 Neutrophilic Iron Oxidation Pathway Using Meta-omics of Zetaproteobacteria Iron Mats at Marine Hydrothermal Vents","volume":"5","author":"S.M. McAllister","year":"2020","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0270187.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-0725-0","article-title":"Anoxygenic photosynthesis and iron\u2013sulfur metabolic potential of Chlorobia populations from seasonally anoxic Boreal Shield lakes","volume":"14","author":"J.M. Tsuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"The ISME Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0270187.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4442","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz246","article-title":"AnnoTree: visualization and exploration of a functionally annotated microbial tree of life","volume":"47","author":"K. Mendler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270187.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12273","article-title":"Dating phototrophic microbial lineages with reticulate gene histories","volume":"16","author":"C. Magnabosco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geobiology"},{"issue":"7786","key":"pone.0270187.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1804-0","article-title":"Light-driven anaerobic microbial oxidation of manganese","volume":"576","author":"M. Daye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2018.03.005","article-title":"Lipid biomarkers for the reconstruction of deep-time environmental conditions","volume":"189","author":"G. Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth-Science Reviews"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270187.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1512614113","article-title":"Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis","volume":"113","author":"D.A. Gold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270187.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/gbi.12129","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of HpnP reveals the origin of 2-methylhopanoid production in Alphaproteobacteria","volume":"13","author":"J.N. Ricci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geobiology"},{"issue":"30","key":"pone.0270187.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006379117","article-title":"Niche expansion for phototrophic sulfur bacteria at the Proterozoic\u2013Phanerozoic transition","volume":"117","author":"X. Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270187.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(99)00075-X","article-title":"Functional analysis of genes from Streptomyces griseus involved in the synthesis of isorenieratene, a carotenoid with aromatic end groups, revealed a novel type of carotenoid desaturase","volume":"1439","author":"H. Kr\u00fcgel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids"},{"key":"pone.0270187.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1533-2_3","volume-title":"Functional genomics and evolution of photosynthetic systems","author":"D.A. Bryant","year":"2012"},{"issue":"40","key":"pone.0270187.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909248106","article-title":"Anoxygenic photosynthesis modulated Proterozoic oxygen and sustained Earth\u2019s middle age","volume":"106","author":"D.T. Johnston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0270187.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.05.001","article-title":"Bioenergetic challenges of microbial iron metabolisms","volume":"19","author":"L.J. Bird","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in microbiology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270187","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T01:30:04Z","timestamp":1700875804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270187"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Eva Elisabeth","family":"St\u00fceken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270187","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.01.22.427768","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}}}