{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:34:14Z","timestamp":1777617254352,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the relationship between variables about family members co-residing during the COVID-19 pandemic and anxiety about COVID-19, domestic violence from spouse, child abuse anxiety, internet addiction, and mental health as social problems related to the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 220 parents (70 male and 150 female, age; <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 41.6, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 34.4) were included in the analysis. Stepwise hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted with dependent variables of fear of COVID-19, spousal violence, anxiety regarding perpetrating child abuse, internet addiction, and mental health. The independent variables were basic variables related to family members such as family composition. The results demonstrated that parents with preschool children were anxious about the possibility that they might abuse their children (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = .203, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .01). Subjects who smoked were associated with anxiety about being the victim of domestic violence by their spouse (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = .154, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). Those whose income had decreased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, those who were employed, and those with few rooms in their house were more likely to be dependent on the Internet (in order, <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = .189, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .01; <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = .196, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .01; <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = -.140, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). Finally, mental health was impaired among those whose income was reduced by the COVID-19 pandemic (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = .134, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05) and among those who had conflicting opinions in their families regarding the pandemic (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = .206, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .01). These results indicate that family variables are associated with family social problems. Additionally, we assume these have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. While further research is required to determine the causal relationships among the variables, the findings can be used as an indicator of support that should be provided to families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T17:27:34Z","timestamp":1656523654000},"page":"e0270210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The relationship between family variables and family social problems during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1127-7940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saeko","family":"Kamoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Nihonmatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koubun","family":"Wakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0270210.ref001","unstructured":"Asahi Shimbun Digital. Child abuse: Record 200,000 cases, up 5.8% from previous year 2021[cited 28 August 2021]. https:\/\/www.asahi.com\/articles\/ASP8W2JPNP8TUTFL007.html."},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref002","unstructured":"Asahi Shimbun Digital. Internet addiction \"worsened by nesting\" and relapse in online classes 2021[cited 28 August 2021]. https:\/\/www.asahi.com\/articles\/ASP2M3S3NP1TUTIL01C.html."},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref003","unstructured":"Asahi Shimbun Digital. Caring for a Mother Drastically Changed in Corona Anger at Son for Returning GoTo 2020[cited 28 August 2021]. https:\/\/www.asahi.com\/articles\/ASNCS45ZPNCRULBJ003.html?iref=pc_ss_date_article"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref004","unstructured":"Cabinet Office. Cooperation between Domestic Violence Response and Child Abuse Response 2021[cited 1 December 2021]. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/202110-sokuhou.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref005","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Trends in the number of suicides based on the National Police Agency\u2019s suicide statistics 2021[cited 26 December 2021]. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/202012R2-sokuhou.pdf."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270210.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.92.20323","article-title":"Why do people wear a mask? A replication of previous studies and examination of two research questions in a Japanese sample","volume":"92","author":"R. Sakakibara","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270210.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.92.20046","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on explicit and implicit attitudes towards black sanitary mask wearers","volume":"92","author":"M. Kamatani","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270210.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.92.20063","article-title":"The influence of social anxiety, trait anxiety, and perceived vulnerability to disease on the frequency of face mask wearing","volume":"92","author":"Y. Miyazaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0270210.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0241958","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241958","article-title":"The Japanese version of the fear of COVID-19 scale: Reliability, validity, and relation to coping behavior","volume":"15","author":"K. Wakashima","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270210.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.35783\/ijbf.11.1_42","article-title":"The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and coping behaviors in Japanese university students","volume":"11","author":"G. Takagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Brief Therapy and Family Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270210.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.92.20048","article-title":"Determinants of nurses\u2019 fear of COVID-19 in Japan","volume":"92","author":"K. Koiwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270210.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.92.20334","article-title":"Association between stereotypical perceptions of persons infected with COVID-19 and individual differences in behavioral immune system","volume":"92","author":"M. Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270210.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.92.20061","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on the family and working life of fathers with young children","volume":"92","author":"M. Hirai","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270210.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.24815\/ijdm.v4i2.20411","article-title":"The Effect of The Belief System, Family Organizations and Family Communication on Covid-19 Prevention Behavior:The Perspective of Family Resilience","volume":"4","author":"A Fadmawaty","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270210.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.31315\/jik.v18i1.3701","article-title":"Komunikasi keluarga dalam pencegahan coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"18","author":"S. M. Kaddi","journal-title":"Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi. 2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270210.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.92.20040","article-title":"Parental perception of the relationship between stress responses and the changes in lifestyle habits of elementary school students during a temporary leave of absence for COVID-19","volume":"92","author":"Y. Kosaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270210.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010176","article-title":"Sociodemographic predictors of changes in physical activity, screen time, and sleep among toddlers and preschoolers in chile during the covid-19 pandemic","volume":"18","author":"N. Aguilar-Farias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270210.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78438-4","article-title":"Physical activity and screen time of children and adolescents before and during the COVID-19 lockdown in Germany: a natural experiment","volume":"10","author":"S. C. Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12876","article-title":"COVID-19 and family violence: Is this a perfect storm?","volume":"30","author":"K. Usher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref020","volume-title":"The Secret Meaning of Money: How to Prevent Financial Problems from Destroying Our Most Intimate Relationships","author":"C. Madanes","year":"1994"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref021","unstructured":"Japan Broadcasting Corporation. Number of infected people in Japan (NHK summary) 2021[cited 1 December 2021]. https:\/\/www3.nhk.or.jp\/news\/special\/coronavirus\/data-all\/#graph\u2014infect-death_infect."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270210.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.90.18042","article-title":"Comparison among methods for improving response quality of surveys","volume":"90","author":"S. Masuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270210.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5630\/jans1981.25.3_51","article-title":"Development of the Violence Against Women Screen","volume":"25","author":"Y. Kataoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Jpn Acad Nurs Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref024","first-page":"41","article-title":"Developing the Child Abuse Anxiety Scale","volume":"5","author":"M. Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Japanese journal of research and practice on child rearing"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270210.ref025","first-page":"141","article-title":"Usability of the Japanese version of the Internet addiction Test (JIAT)","volume":"22","author":"H. Osada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Japanese journal of addiction & family"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270210.ref026","first-page":"899","article-title":"Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the Internet: a case that breaks the stereotype","volume":"79","author":"K. S. Young","journal-title":"Psychol Rep. 1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270210.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.257","article-title":"The performance of the Japanese version of the K6 and K10 in the World Mental Health Survey Japan","volume":"17","author":"T. A. Furukawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref028","unstructured":"NLI Research Institute. COVID-19 acclimatization and the weakening of infection anxiety: The reemergence of infection but the weakening of infection anxiety after the peak in winter 2021. [cited 1 December 2021]. https:\/\/www.nli-research.co.jp\/report\/detail\/id=67647?site=nli."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270210.ref029","first-page":"483","article-title":"Predictors of Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia","volume":"94","author":"K. Kurashima","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of the Association for Infectious Deseases"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref030","unstructured":"National Cancer Center Japan. Report of a Questionnaire Survey on COVID-19 and Cigarette 2021[cited 26 December 2021]. https:\/\/www.ncc.go.jp\/jp\/information\/pr_release\/2021\/0531\/20210531_report.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref031","unstructured":"Asahi Shimbun Digital. Parliamentary smoking areas \"if removed\", demanded by lawmakers in response to \"dense\" criticism 2021[cited 1 December 2021]. https:\/\/www.asahi.com\/articles\/ASP24647ZP24UTFK01D.html."},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref032","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Summary of the results of the 2009 National Survey of Children at Home 2009[cited 1 December 2021]. http:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/houdou\/2r9852000001yivt-att\/2r9852000001yjc6.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref033","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Current status of child abuse in 2014[cited 1 December 2021]. http:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/file\/06-Seisakujouhou-11900000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku\/0000108127.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270210.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5630\/jans.37.1","article-title":"Aspects of the Boundary between Discipline and Abuse by Mothers Raising Preschool Age Children","volume":"37","author":"Y. Hososaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Jpn Acad Nurs Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270210.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.7143\/jhep.43.657","article-title":"Internet dependence tendency in university students and its impact on their health and lifestyle performance","volume":"43","author":"Y. Katayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"HEP"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0270210.ref036","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Internet Addiction among Youth","volume":"55","author":"H. Nakayama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn Psychosom Med"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref037","first-page":"89","article-title":"The influence of habitual internet usage on the health management behavior in university students","volume":"25","author":"M. Taguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dokkyo Studies in Data Processing and Computer Science"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref038","unstructured":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Report on the 2020 Survey on Telecommunications Usage Trends (Households) 2020[cited 7 December 2021]. https:\/\/www.soumu.go.jp\/johotsusintokei\/statistics\/pdf\/HR202000_001.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270210.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2021.08.007","article-title":"Internet addiction and psychosocial problems among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study","volume":"35","author":"F. O. Ozturk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref040","unstructured":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Housing and Land in Japan\u2014Commentary on the 2008 Housing and Land Survey\u2014Commentary on the Results 2008[cited 7 December 2021]. https:\/\/www.stat.go.jp\/data\/jyutaku\/2008\/nihon\/pdf\/all.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref041","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smartphone internet dependence and lifestyle habits in university students","volume":"10","author":"S. Inashima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Graduate School of Human Development, Aichi Prefectural University"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270210.ref042","first-page":"5","article-title":"The relationships between the time spent on using the internet, body condition and dietary intake among high school students","volume":"28","author":"M. Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Japanese Society of Health Education and Promotion"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270210.ref043","first-page":"45","article-title":"Structure analysis of equivalent income, life satisfaction, happiness and self-rated health in elderly urban dwellers","volume":"27","author":"Y. Bosako","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bulletin of Social Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0270210.ref044","unstructured":"Minister of Health. Labour and welfare. Report of a suspected adverse reaction to a new coronary vaccine 2021 [cited 29 September 2021]. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/seisakunitsuite\/bunya\/vaccine_hukuhannou-utagai-houkoku.html."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270210.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003042","article-title":"Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine refusal in parents","volume":"40","author":"M. Yigit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T17:28:18Z","timestamp":1656523698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270210"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Prabhat","family":"Mittal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]}}}