{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:37:29Z","timestamp":1782513449256,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012664","name":"College of Social and Behavioral Science, University of Utah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006630","name":"Utah State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006630","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>How can states with a history of recent armed conflict trust one another? Political psychology offers two competing approaches to increase trust between the publics of different countries: appealing to an overarching, common identity above the national level vs. affirming a sense of national identity. This study aims to examine the scope conditions of group-affirmation effects on trust in active conflicts by testing which group-affirmation approach increases trust towards Russia among the Ukrainian public. Distrust between Ukraine and Russia aggravates security fears and limits hope for a meaningful resolution of the bloodiest armed conflict in Europe since 1994. Hostility levels have risen dramatically between the populations of Ukraine and Russia after the events of 2013\u20132015. The study employs a survey experiment (between-subjects design) to evaluate these competing approaches. The survey was fielded in late May-June 2020 by a reputable public opinion research firm, the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS), based in Ukraine. The results suggest that in areas where conflict is salient, national identity affirmation can increase trust in subsamples that hold preexisting baseline levels of affinity toward the outgroup. When combined with the more anti-Russian Ukrainians however, this positive effect was cancelled out. In contrast, emphasis on an overarching, common ingroup identity did not raise trust in any subgroups. Examining the disparate effects of national identity affirmation in anti-Russian and pro-Russian regional subsamples helps specify the scope conditions of which group-affirmation can be most effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T17:54:23Z","timestamp":1684432463000},"page":"e0270266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Testing the effects of group-affirmation in active conflict: Ukrainians\u2019 trust toward Russia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8522-8116","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eunbin","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna O.","family":"Pechenkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0270266.ref001","article-title":"Pride, Not Prejudice: National Identity as a Pacifying Force in East Asia","author":"Eunbin Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270266.ref002","first-page":"75","article-title":"\u201cCan affirming national identity increase international trust? Experimental evidence from South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese nationals.\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Eunbin Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Studies Review"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0270266.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211413607","article-title":"\u201cAcknowledging the skeletons in our closet: The effect of group affirmation on collective guilt, collective shame, and reparatory attitudes.\u201d","volume":"37","author":"Gregory R. Gunn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270266.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430217690907","article-title":"\u201cWhen one\u2019s group is beneficial: The effect of group-affirmation and subjective group identification on prejudice.\u201d","volume":"21","author":"Adrian J. Villicana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref005","first-page":"1100","article-title":"Kim and Mary Prenovost","volume":"33","author":"David K Sherman","year":"2007","journal-title":"\u201cThe group as a resource: Reducing biased attributions for group success and failure via group-affirmation.\u201d Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref006","article-title":"\u201cReport on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 August to 15 November 2017.\u201d","author":"OHCHR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref007","author":"Levada Center","year":"2020","journal-title":"\u201cRussia\u2013Ukraine relations.\u201d"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref008","article-title":"\u201cWhat do Russians think of Ukrainians, and vice versa?\u201d","author":"Taras Kuzio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atlantic Council June 19"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511598661","volume-title":"Security Communities.","author":"Emanuel Adler","year":"1998"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref010","article-title":"Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model.","author":"Samuel L. Gaertner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychology Press"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270266.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/0022002707304813","article-title":"\u201cIdentity, power and threat perception: A cross-national experimental study,\u201d","volume":"51","author":"David L. Rousseau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270266.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.2.239","article-title":"\u201cReducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization.\u201d","volume":"57","author":"Samuel L. Gaertner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref013","volume":"06","author":"\u201cSlav.\u201d","year":"2020","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref014","article-title":"\u201cKievan Rus.\u201d","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270266.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/14608940120059434","article-title":"\u201cHistoriography and national identity among the Eastern Slavs: Towards a new framework.\u201d","volume":"3","author":"Taras Kuzio","year":"2001","journal-title":"National Identities"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511496837","volume-title":"The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus","author":"Serhii Plokhy","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270266.ref017","first-page":"387","article-title":"\u201cWe like you better when we feel good about ourselves: Group affirmation in an international context.\u201d","volume":"46","author":"Eunbin Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korea Observer"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270266.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2009.00723.x","article-title":"\u201cAttachment to the nation and international relations: Dimensions of identity and their relationship to war and peace.\u201d","volume":"30","author":"Richard K. Herrmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref019","volume-title":"Liberal Nationalism and Its Critics","author":"Huddy, Leonie, and Alessandro Del Ponte","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270266.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60229-4","article-title":"\u201cThe psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self.\u201d","volume":"21","author":"Claude M. Steele","year":"1988","journal-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0270266.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672002611011","article-title":"\u201cWhen beliefs yield to evidence: Reducing biased evaluation by affirming the self.\"","volume":"26","author":"Geoffrey L. Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270266.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.89.4.566","article-title":"\u201c`I am us\u2019: Negative stereotypes as collective threats.\u201d","volume":"89","author":"Geoffrey L. Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270266.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.2001.1491","article-title":"\u201cReducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence.\"","volume":"38","author":"Joshua Aronson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of experimental social psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270266.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.11.001","article-title":"\u201cThe effect of self-affirmation on perception of racism.\"","volume":"42","author":"Glenn Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0270266.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210369557","article-title":"\u201cWhen self-affirmations reduce defensiveness: Timing is key.\"","volume":"36","author":"Clayton R. Critcher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270266.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98","article-title":"\u201cWhat is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications.\u201d","volume":"78","author":"Jose M. Cortina","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref027","author":"Daniel S. Soper","year":"2020","journal-title":"A-priori sample size calculator for multiple regression [Software]"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref028","author":"Soper","year":"2020","journal-title":"A-priori sample size calculator for student t-tests [Software]"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref029","article-title":"\u201cWhat integration direction should Ukraine choose: referendum concerning joining the Customs Union, the European Union or NATO.\u201d","author":"Julia Sakhno","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Kyiv International Institute of Sociology\u2014Press Releases and Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270266.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/sena.12120","article-title":"\u201c\u2018Two Ukraines reconsidered: The end of Ukrainian ambivalence?\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Mykola Riabchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Studies In Ethnicity & Nationalism"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.07.006","article-title":"\u201cMethods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data","volume":"66","author":"Paul G. Curran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270266.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-011-9231-8","article-title":"\u201cDetecting and deterring insufficient effort responding to surveys.\"","volume":"27","author":"Jason L. Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270266.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028085","article-title":"\u201cIdentifying careless responses in survey data.\u201d","volume":"17","author":"Meade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological methods"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref034","article-title":"\u201cGroup-affirmation and trust in armed conflict: A survey experiment in Ukraine.\u201d","author":"Eunbin Chung","year":"2020a","journal-title":"OSF"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0270266.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0239944","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239944","article-title":"\u201cGroup-affirmation and trust in international relations: Evidence from Ukraine.\u201d","volume":"15","author":"Eunbin Chung","year":"2020b","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref036","first-page":"31","article-title":"\u201cThe paradoxes of American nationalism.\u201d","volume":"136","author":"Minxin Pei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foreign Policy"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref037","first-page":"27","article-title":"\u201cWhy nationalism works: And why it isn\u2019t going away.\u201d","volume":"98","author":"Wimmer, Andreas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foreign Affairs"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref038","article-title":"The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies.","author":"Ohmae, Kenichi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Press"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref039","article-title":"\u201cNational Identity, Social Preferences, and Foreign Policy Attitudes: Experimental Evidence from Japan.\u201d","author":"Eunbin Chung","journal-title":"Foreign Policy Analysis. Forthcoming"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref040","article-title":"\u201cNational chauvinism, group identity affirmation, and trust in international relations: Experimental results from Ukraine.\u201d","author":"Eunbin Chung","journal-title":"Nationalities Papers. Forthcoming"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270266.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818300033336","article-title":"\u201cBeyond the enemy image and spiral model: cognitive\u2013strategic research after the cold war.\u201d","volume":"49","author":"Richard K. Herrmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270266.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X09360310","article-title":"\u201cComparison of cell phone and landline surveys: A design perspective.\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Lisa R. Carley-Baxter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270266.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05282259","article-title":"\u201cEffort in phone survey response rates: The effects of vendor and client-controlled factors.\u201d","volume":"18","author":"Christopher McCarty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270266.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfh002","article-title":"\u201cThe role of topic interest in survey participation decisions.\u201d","volume":"68","author":"Robert M. Groves","year":"2004","journal-title":"Public Opinion Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270266.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfm051","article-title":"\u201cReaching the US cell phone generation: comparison of cell phone survey results with an ongoing landline telephone survey.\u201d","volume":"71","author":"Michael W. Link","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Opinion Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270266.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124110392547","article-title":"\u201cMultiple sources of nonobservation error in telephone surveys: coverage and nonresponse.\u201d","volume":"40","author":"Andy Peytchev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref047","first-page":"3","article-title":"\u201cThe heuristic model of persuasion.\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Shelly Chaiken","year":"1987","journal-title":"Social influence: The Ontario symposium,"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref048","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cThe elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.\u201d","author":"Richard E. Petty","year":"1986","journal-title":"Communication and Persuasion"},{"key":"pone.0270266.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511818691","volume-title":"The nature and origins of mass opinion","author":"John R. Zaller","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270266","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T17:55:13Z","timestamp":1684432513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270266"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Natalie J.","family":"Shook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270266","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]}}}