{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:41:00Z","timestamp":1792802460377,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lumenis","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032133427","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Lumnenis"},{"name":"Lumenis","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032133427","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Lumenis","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032133427","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the safety and efficacy of intense pulsed light (IPL) followed by meibomian gland expression (MGX), against monotherapy of MGX.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with moderate to severe meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) were 1:1 randomized to 4 sessions of intense pulse light + MGX at 2-week intervals, or 4 sessions of Sham + MGX at 2-week intervals. Both patients and examiners were blinded to the allocation. Outcome measures, evaluated at the baseline (BL) and at a follow-up (FU) conducted 4 weeks after the last IPL session, included fluorescein tear breakup time (TBUT) as the primary outcome measure, OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index) questionnaire, Eye Dryness Score (EDS, a visual analog scale (VAS)-based questionnaire), Meibomian gland score (MGS, a score of meibum expressibility and quality in 15 glands on the lower eyelid), daily use of artificial tears, and daily use of warm compresses. In addition, during each treatment session, the number of expressible glands was counted in both eyelids, the predominant quality of meibum was estimated in both eyelids, and the level of pain\/discomfort due to MGX and IPL was recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TBUT increased from 3.8\u00b10.2 (\u03bc\u00b1standard error of mean (SEM)) to 4.5\u00b10.3 seconds in the control arm, and from 4.0\u00b10.2 to 6.0\u00b10.3 in the study arm. The difference between arms was statistically significant (P &lt; .01). Other signs\/symptoms which improved in both arms but were greater in the study arm included MGS (P &lt; .001), EDS (P &lt; .01), the number of expressible glands in the lower eyelids (P &lt; .0001) and upper eyelid (P &lt; .0001), the predominant meibum quality in the lower eyelid (P &lt; .0001) and upper eyelid (P &lt; .0001), and the level of pain due to MGX (P &lt; .0001). Outcome measures which improved in both arms with no significant differences between the two were OSDI (P = .9984), and the daily use of artificial tears (P = .8216). Meibography, daily use of warm compresses, and severity of skin rosacea did not show statistically significant changes in either arm. No serious adverse events were observed. There was a slight tendency for more adverse events in the control group (P = 0.06).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study suggest that, in patients with moderate to severe symptoms, combination therapy of intense pulse light (IPL) and meibomian gland expression (MGX) could be a safe and useful approach for improving signs of dry eye disease (DED) due to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Future studies are needed to elucidate if and how such improvements can be generalized to different severity levels of MGD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T13:32:37Z","timestamp":1655991157000},"page":"e0270268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Intense pulsed light improves signs and symptoms of dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction: A randomized controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7240-7211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rolando","family":"Toyos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neel R.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Toyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Dell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270268.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.005","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Introduction","volume":"15","author":"JD Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0270268.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"DES7","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23475","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria of dry eye disease: historical overview and future directions","volume":"59","author":"J. 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