{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:14:35Z","timestamp":1787238875483,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Over the past decade, there has been an apparent increased frequency and widened distribution of canine leptospirosis in Canada, however, this has been minimally investigated. Availability and clinical uptake of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing of dogs in Canada may provide important insight into the epidemiology of this canine and zoonotic infectious disease. Study objectives were to evaluate clinical canine\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    PCR test results from a large commercial laboratory to determine temporal and spatial distribution in Canada and identify dog, geographic and temporal risk factors for test-positive dogs. This cross-sectional study analyzed data obtained from IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. on 10,437 canine\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    PCR tests (blood and\/or urine) submitted by Canada-based veterinarians (July 2009 to May 2018). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for test-positive dogs. Test-positive proportion varied widely annually (4.8\u201314.0%) and by location. Provinces with the highest test-positive proportion over the study period were Nova Scotia (18.5%) and Ontario (9.6%), with the prairie provinces (Manitoba and Alberta combined) having the lowest proportion (1.0%); the northern territories could not be evaluated due to limited testing. In the final model, dog age, sex, breed, month, and year test performed, and location (urban\/rural, province) of the practice submitting the sample were significant predictors of a positive\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    PCR test. Dogs less than one year of age (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.6\u20132.9), male sex (OR = 1.3; 1.1\u20131.5), toy breed (OR = 3.3; 2.5\u20134.4), and samples submitted from an urban practice (OR = 1.3; 1.0\u20131.8) had the greatest odds of a positive\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    PCR test as compared to referent groups. Significant two-way interactions between province-month and year-month highlight the complex spatial and temporal influences on leptospirosis occurrence in this region. Our work suggests a high incidence of canine leptospirosis regionally within Canada. Identifiable dog and location factors may assist in future targeted prevention efforts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T13:47:43Z","timestamp":1656078463000},"page":"e0270313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Canine leptospirosis in Canada, test-positive proportion and risk factors (2009 to 2018): A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-8153","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason W.","family":"Stull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-7380","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle","family":"Evason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Scott","family":"Weese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Szlosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270313.ref001","first-page":"167","article-title":"Increase in seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis and its risk factors, Ontario 1998\u20132006","volume":"73","author":"GD Alton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0270313.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0654.x","article-title":"2010 ACVIM Small animal consensus 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