{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:11:13Z","timestamp":1778695873501,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007941","name":"Addis Ababa University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD\/PY-033\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD\/PY-033\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Neurotropic pathogens such as <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii (T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii)<\/jats:italic> which result in chronic infections in the brain are associated with mental illnesses. In view of this, a growing body of literature has revealed the possible interaction of schizophrenia and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A case-control study was conducted from February 2018 to January 2019 among 47 Schizophrenia patients and 47 age and sex-matched controls. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum was used for serological analysis of anti-<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> IgG and IgM antibodies through chemiluminescent immunoassay. Proportions and mean with standard deviations (SD) were used as descriptive measures and variables with p-values &lt;0.05 were considered as statistically significant and independently associated with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean ages of schizophrenia patients and controls were 29.64 \u00b1 5.8 yrs and 30.98 \u00b1 7.3 yrs, respectively. We found that 81.9% (77\/94) of the study subjects had a positive anti-<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> IgG antibody. While the difference is statistically insignificant, schizophrenic patients have a marginally higher seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis than controls (87.2% vs 80.9%; p = 0.398). Schizophrenia cases who live in homes with soil floors have a significantly higher <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection as compared to those who live in homes with cement\/ceramic floors (90.9% vs 33.3%; p = 0.004). Furthermore, there was a significantly lower <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection among schizophrenic cases who were taking antipsychotic medication for more than three yrs (79.3% vs 100.0%, p = 0.039). On the other hand, among all study subjects who have <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection, subjects who are addicted to khat and alcohol were about seven times more likely to develop schizophrenia (71.4% vs 47.7%, OR = 7.13, p = 0.024).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our data is not sufficient to show a significant positive correlation between <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection and schizophrenia. For study subjects with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection, addiction to khat and alcohol is one of the risk factors for schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T17:39:44Z","timestamp":1656005984000},"page":"e0270377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Is latent Toxoplasma gondii infection associated with the occurrence of schizophrenia? 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