{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:32:13Z","timestamp":1784604733182,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The burden of HPV-related cancers in different regions worldwide varies according to several factors. This study aims to measure inequality in the risk of incidence of HPV-related cancers in term of geographical risk patterns in northern Thailand using a population-based cancer registry data.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Trends in age-standardized HPV-related cancer incidence were calculated for the 2008\u20132017 time period. The Besag-York-Molli\u00b4e model was used to explore the spatial distribution of the relative risk (RR) of HPV-related cancers at the district level. A higher RR reflects a larger disparity. The geographical risk pattern of the diseases in two periods, 2008\u20132012 and 2013\u20132017 were described and compared.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>From 2008 to 2017, the incidence of oropharyngeal and anal cancers showed a slightly increased trend in males but remained stable in females, the incidence of vulvar, vaginal and penile cancers were stable while the incidence of cervical cancer decreased. The RR range was closer to 1 in the second period compared to the first period. This suggests a decrease in the disparities of incidence of cervical cancer. However, in some areas near the Thai-Myanmar border, the RR values remained high.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The incidence rate of most HPV-related cancers remained low and stable over the study period in northern Thailand. For the most common HPV-related malignancy, cervical cancer, the incidence rate steadily decreased but with marked geographic disparities, possibly reflecting health inequity especially in the border areas.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T18:36:48Z","timestamp":1656441408000},"page":"e0270670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Geographical risk pattern and temporal trends in incidence of HPV-related cancers in northern Thailand: A population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8337-9524","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patumrat","family":"Sripan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donsuk","family":"Pongnikorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8552-0149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Imjai","family":"Chitapanarux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arunrat","family":"Tangmunkongvorakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karnchana","family":"Daoprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0246-8187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linda","family":"Aurpibul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narate","family":"Waisri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puttachart","family":"Maneesai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galyarath","family":"Wannavongs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Voravit","family":"Suwanvanichkij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1683-4259","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kriengkrai","family":"Srithanaviboonchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0270670.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2007.12.005","article-title":"Viruses associated with human cancer","volume":"1782","author":"ME McLaughlin-Drubin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0270670.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e609","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30143-7","article-title":"Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2012: a synthetic analysis.","volume":"4","author":"M Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0270670.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27650","article-title":"EUROGIN 2011 roadmap on prevention and treatment of HPV-related disease.","volume":"131","author":"M Arbyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"9590","key":"pone.0270670.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61416-0","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"370","author":"M Schiffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270670.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.","volume":"68","author":"F Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270670.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/0969141314522454","article-title":"Condom use in prevention of Human Papillomavirus infections and cervical neoplasia: systematic review of longitudinal studies.","volume":"21","author":"JU Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Screen"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.010","article-title":"Population-based HPV vaccination programmes are safe and effective: 2017 update and the impetus for achieving better global coverage.","volume":"47","author":"JML Brotherton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref008","unstructured":"Office NHS. HPV Vaccines for Girls in Thailand 2019 [Available from: https:\/\/www.nhso.go.th\/frontend\/NewsInformationDetail.aspx?newsid=MjMyMg==."},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.12.013","article-title":"Effect of organised cervical cancer screening on cervical cancer mortality in Europe: a systematic review","volume":"127","author":"EEL Jansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0270670.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.290","article-title":"Impact of cervical screening on cervical cancer mortality: estimation using stage-specific results from a nested case-control study","volume":"115","author":"R Landy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270670.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32826","article-title":"Impact of screening on cervical cancer incidence: A population-based case-control study in the United States","volume":"147","author":"R Landy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref012","volume-title":"Cancer in Thailand","author":"T Khuhaprema","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref013","volume-title":"Cancer in Thailand","author":"T Khuhaprema","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270670.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-018-1077-7","article-title":"Effect of the national screening program on malignancy status of cervical cancer in Northern Thailand","volume":"63","author":"S Virani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.101594","article-title":"Impact of universal health care and screening on incidence and survival of Thai women with cervical cancer: A population-based study of the Chiang Mai Province.","volume":"63","author":"P Sripan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2017.09.007","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis study of HPV testing as a primary cervical cancer screening in Thailand","volume":"22","author":"W Termrungruanglert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol Rep"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref017","volume-title":"ICO\/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre).","author":"L Bruni","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270670.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10907-5","article-title":"Trends of cervical cancer at global, regional, and national level: data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019.","volume":"21","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270670.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12305","article-title":"Rural-Urban Differences in Human Papillomavirus-associated Cancer Trends and Rates.","volume":"35","author":"WE Zahnd","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270670.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01515-1","article-title":"Disparities in the change of cervical cancer mortality rate between urban and rural Chiang Mai in the era of universal health care and the Thai national screening program","volume":"20","author":"P Sripan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270670.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.11.032","article-title":"Evaluation of data quality in the cancer registry: principles and methods. Part I: comparability, validity and timeliness.","volume":"45","author":"F Bray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216660421","article-title":"An intuitive Bayesian spatial model for disease mapping that accounts for scaling.","volume":"25","author":"A Riebler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref023","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System version 3.4.15\u20131: Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. 2021 [cited 2022 15 April]. Available from: http:\/\/qgis.osgeo.org."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270670.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0231866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231866","article-title":"geoBoundaries: A global database of political administrative boundaries.","volume":"15","author":"D Runfola","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270670.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9080108","article-title":"National and Subnational Population-Based Incidence of Cancer in Thailand: Assessing Cancers with the Highest Burdens.","volume":"9","author":"S Virani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0270670.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31203","article-title":"Cancer incidence in northern Thailand: Results from six population-based cancer registries 1993\u20132012.","volume":"142","author":"D Pongnikorn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270670.ref027","first-page":"430","article-title":"Spatiotemporal mapping of cervical cancer incidence highlights need for targeted prevention in Songkhla province, Thailand.","volume":"32","author":"J Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"issue":"33","key":"pone.0270670.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6733a2","article-title":"Trends in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers\u2014United States, 1999\u20132015.","volume":"67","author":"EA Van Dyne","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00664","article-title":"Inequality in the Incidence of Cervical Cancer: Costa Rica 1980\u20132010.","volume":"8","author":"C Santamar\u00eda-Ulloa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21501327211053740","DOI":"10.1177\/21501327211053740","article-title":"Transnational Mobility and Utilization of Health Services in Northern Thailand: Implications and Challenges for Border Public Health Facilities.","volume":"12","author":"N Meemon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270670.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195711\/12)10:6<1300::AID-CNCR2820100628>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"A study of the etiological factors in cancer of the mouth","volume":"10","author":"EL Wynder","year":"1957","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270670.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.55.10.1578","article-title":"The association of alcohol and tobacco with cancer of the mouth and pharynx","volume":"55","author":"AZ Keller","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Public Health Nations Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270670.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djk179","article-title":"Alcohol drinking in never users of tobacco, cigarette smoking in never drinkers, and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium","volume":"99","author":"M Hashibe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270670.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199907000-00012","article-title":"Effect of smoking cessation and tobacco type on the risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract in Brazil.","volume":"10","author":"NF Schlecht","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0270670.ref035","first-page":"6502","article-title":"Smoking and drinking in relation to cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus in northern Italy","volume":"50","author":"S Franceschi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref036","volume-title":"Thailand country report on tobacco advertising and promotion bans. Tools for advancing tobacco control in the 21st century: Success stories and lessons learned.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270670.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2016.17.3.1129","article-title":"Detection and Type-Distribution of Human Papillomavirus in Vulva and Vaginal Abnormal Cytology Lesions and Cancer Tissues from Thai Women.","volume":"17","author":"J Ngamkham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270670.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2007.11.016","article-title":"HPV genotyping in cervical cancer in Northern Thailand: adapting the linear array HPV assay for use on paraffin-embedded tissue","volume":"108","author":"S Siriaunkgul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270670.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.8.3773","article-title":"HPV detection and genotyping in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in northern Thailand","volume":"15","author":"S Siriaunkgul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3892\/ol_00000106","article-title":"Relationship among human papillomavirus infection, p16(INK4a), p53 and NF-\u03baB activation in penile cancer from northern Thailand.","volume":"1","author":"M Senba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"pone.0270670.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-017-0167-0","article-title":"Prevalence of HPV infection in hypopharyngeal and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma at Thailand\u2019s largest tertiary referral center","volume":"12","author":"W Pongsapich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270670.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6266-0","article-title":"Low prevalence of p16-positive HPV-related head-neck cancers in Thailand: tertiary referral center experience","volume":"19","author":"T Nopmaneepaisarn","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270670.ref043","first-page":"37","article-title":"Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancer in Thai Population.","volume":"103","author":"S Chaisrisawatsuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0270670.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.15.6151","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV among women attending a cervical cancer screening mobile unit in Lampang, Thailand.","volume":"15","author":"K Paengchit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270670.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1086\/373901","article-title":"Population-based human papillomavirus prevalence in Lampang and Songkla, Thailand","volume":"187","author":"S Sukvirach","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270670","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T18:37:36Z","timestamp":1656441456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270670"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ivan","family":"Sabol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]}}}