{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:30:15Z","timestamp":1792272615043,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016R1A5A1010148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1A5A1010148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Face masks are used to protect the wearer from harmful external air and to prevent transmission of viruses from air exhaled by potentially infected wearers to the surrounding people. In this study, we examined the potential utility of masks for collecting viruses contained in exhaled breath and detected the collected viruses via various molecular tests. Using KF94 masks, the inner electrostatic filter was selected for virus collection, and an RNA extraction protocol was developed for the face mask. Virus detection in worn mask samples was performed using PCR and rolling circle amplification (RCA) tests and four different target genes (N, E, RdRp, and ORF1ab genes). The present study confirmed that the mask sample tests showed positive SARS-CoV-2 results, similar to the PCR tests using nasopharyngeal swab samples. In addition, the quantity of nucleic acid collected in the masks linearly increased with wearing time. These results suggest that samples for SARS-CoV-2 tests can be collected in a noninvasive, quick, and easy method by simply submitting worn masks from subjects, which can significantly reduce the hassle of waiting at airports or public places and concerns about cross-infection. In addition, it is expected that miniaturization technology will integrate PCR assays on face masks in the near future, and mask-based self-diagnosis would play a significant role in resolving the pandemic situation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T17:41:29Z","timestamp":1660844489000},"page":"e0270765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Collection and detection of SARS-CoV-2 in exhaled breath using face mask"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hwang-soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9583-1135","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junsoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1340-1615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naseem","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonghui","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakjun","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Gu","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Yun","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-5610","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sehyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270765.ref001","first-page":"651","article-title":"Coughs and sneezes: Their role in transmission of respiratory viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Am. J. Respir. Crit","volume":"202","author":"R. Dhand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270765.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70029-4","article-title":"Transmission of influenza A in human beings","volume":"7","author":"G. Brankston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270765.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00535-6","article-title":"Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses.","volume":"19","author":"N.H.L. Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270765.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.08.027","article-title":"Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: The possible role of dry surface contamination","volume":"92","author":"J.A. Otter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270765.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0843-2","article-title":"Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks","volume":"26","author":"N.H.L. Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0270765.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13153363","article-title":"Face masks and respirators in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of current materials, advances and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"K. O\u2019Dowd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270765.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98895-9","article-title":"Quantitative modeling of the impact of facemasks and associated leakage on the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Sci. rep., 19403","volume":"11","author":"J. Schmitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270765.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027110","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/aa9855","article-title":"Exhaled breath aerosol (EBA): The simplest non-invasive medium for public health and occupational exposure biomonitoring","volume":"12","author":"J.D. Pleil","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Breath Res"},{"key":"pone.0270765.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility and utility of facemask sampling in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 during an ongoing pandemic. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol","volume":"5","author":"D.H.L. Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270765.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0249525","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249525","article-title":"Non-invasive adapted N-95 mask sampling captures variation in viral particles expelled by COVID-19 patients: Implications in understanding SARS-CoV2 transmission","volume":"16","author":"K. Sriraman","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270765.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.03.018","article-title":"Exhaled SARS-CoV-2 quantified by face-mask sampling in hospitalised patients with COVID-19","volume":"82","author":"C.M. Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect"},{"key":"pone.0270765.ref012","article-title":"Wearable materials with embedded synthetic biology sensors for biomolecule detection","author":"P.Q. Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol"},{"issue":"35","key":"pone.0270765.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41445","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c09309","article-title":"Wearable collector for noninvasive sampling of SARS-CoV-2 from exhaled breath for rapid detection. ACS Appl","volume":"13","author":"F. Soto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"pone.0270765.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113005","article-title":"A rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 using DNA hydrogel formation on microfluidic pores","volume":"177","author":"H.S. Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"issue":"108","key":"pone.0270765.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.02.040","article-title":"Rapid molecular diagnosis of infectious viruses in microfluidics using DNA hydrogel formation","volume":"108","author":"W. Na","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0270765.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1810858","article-title":"Effectiveness of surgical, KF94, and N95 respirator masks in blocking SARS-CoV-2: A controlled comparison in 7 patients","volume":"52","author":"M.C. Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270765.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044002","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ab2f9f","article-title":"Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers for lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"A. Campanella","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Breath Res"},{"key":"pone.0270765.ref018","first-page":"13","article-title":"Exhaled breath condensate (EBC): Is it a viable source of biomarkers for lung diseases? Adv. Exp","volume":"1195","author":"S. Patsiris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Biol"},{"key":"pone.0270765.ref019","article-title":"Rolling circle amplification in integrated microsystems: An uncut gem toward Massively Multiplexed Pathogen Diagnostics and genotyping","author":"R.R.G. Soares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270765.ref020","first-page":"10","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of respiratory droplets and their role in COVID-19 pandemics: a critical review","volume":"2","author":"T. Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater Transl"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0270765.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4165","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234165","article-title":"What We Are Learning from COVID-19 for Respiratory Protection: Contemporary and Emerging Issues","volume":"13","author":"R Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270765","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T17:41:57Z","timestamp":1660844517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270765"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270765","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}