{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T17:19:21Z","timestamp":1775668761224,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AMARI","award":["DEL-15-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Antenatal depression is highly prevalent and is associated with negative birth and neonatal outcomes. However, the mechanisms and causality behind these associations remain poorly understood as they are varied. Given the variability in whether associations are present, there is need to have context-specific data to understand the complex factors that go into these associations. This study aimed to assess the associations between antenatal depression and birth and neonatal outcomes among women attending maternity care in Harare, Zimbabwe.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We followed 354 pregnant women in second or third trimester, attending antenatal care services in two randomly selected clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe. Antenatal depression was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Birth outcomes included birth weight, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, Apgar score, and initiation of breastfeeding within one-hour postdelivery. Neonatal outcomes at six weeks postdelivery included infant\u2019s weight, height, illness, feeding methods and maternal postnatal depressive symptoms. The association between antenatal depression and categorical and continuous outcomes were assessed by logistic regression and point-biserial correlation coefficient, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression determined the confounding effects on statistically significant outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prevalence of antenatal depression was 23.7%. It was associated with low birthweight [AOR = 2.30 (95% CI: 1.08\u20134.90)], exclusive breastfeeding [AOR = 0.42 (95%CI: 0.25\u20130.73)] and postnatal depressive symptoms [AOR = 4.99 (95%CI: 2.81\u20138.85)], but not with any other birth or neonatal outcomes measured.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of antenatal depression in this sample is high with significant associations demonstrated for birth weight, maternal postnatal depressive symptoms and infant feeding methods Effective management of antenatal depression is thus crucial to the promotion of maternal and child health.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T17:39:00Z","timestamp":1688751540000},"page":"e0270873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antenatal depression: Associations with birth and neonatal outcomes among women attending maternity care in Harare, Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7450-0858","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Malinda","family":"Kaiyo-Utete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Langhaug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Chingono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jermaine M.","family":"Dambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thulani","family":"Magwali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z. Mike","family":"Chirenje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270873.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1192\/bji.2020.16","article-title":"Perinatal mental health around the world: priorities for research and service development in Africa","volume":"17","author":"M Ng\u2019oma","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych International"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270873.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139G","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.091850","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"90","author":"J Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"197","key":"pone.0270873.ref003","article-title":"Antenatal depression: an examination of prevalence and its associated factors among pregnant women attending Harare polyclinics","volume":"20","author":"M. Kaiyo-Utete JMD","year":"2020","journal-title":".BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2193-y","article-title":"Depression among HIV positive pregnant women in Zimbabwe: a primary health care based cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"E Nyamukoho","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270873.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.005","article-title":"Typical somatic symptoms of pregnancy and their impact on a diagnosis of major depressive disorder","volume":"31","author":"KA Yonkers","year":"2009","journal-title":"General Hospital Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270873.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0844-z","article-title":"Comparative effects of antidepressant medications and untreated major depression on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"J Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.01.036","article-title":"Risk of adverse maternal outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to moderate-severe depression compared with mild depression: A fellow-up study","volume":"136","author":"K Acheampong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1099-1","article-title":"Antenatal depressive symptoms and maternal health care utilisation: a population-based study of pregnant women in Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"T Bitew","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4518979","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4518979","article-title":"Prevalence of Antenatal Depression and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Abeokuta North Local Government Area, Nigeria","volume":"2016","author":"O Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Depression Research and Treatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2015.04.011","article-title":"Prenatal Depressive Symptoms and Postpartum Sexual Risk Among Young Urban Women of Color","volume":"29","author":"SD Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2012.0022","article-title":"Depressive symptoms, substance abuse, and intimate partner violence among pregnant women of diverse ethnicities","volume":"23","author":"KB Holden","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270873.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02750-y","article-title":"Effects of Depression, Stigma and Intimate Partner Violence on Postpartum Women\u2019s Adherence and Engagement in HIV Care in Kenya","volume":"24","author":"M Onono","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-2842-1","article-title":"The association between symptoms of depression during pregnancy and low birth weight: a prospective study","volume":"20","author":"X Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0169907","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169907","article-title":"The Impact of Antenatal Depression on Perinatal Outcomes in Australian Women","volume":"12","author":"for the Early Years Research G","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270873.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0934","article-title":"Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Untreated Antenatal Depression Compared With Women Without Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"A Jarde","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227323","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227323","article-title":"Antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"A Fekadu Dadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270873.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12r07968","article-title":"The impact of maternal depression during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"S Grigoriadis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/16070658.2017.1333753","article-title":"Antenatal and postpartum depression: effects on infant and young child health and feeding practices","volume":"31","author":"SS Madlala","year":"2018","journal-title":"South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref019","volume-title":"Capture the Moment\u2014Early Initiation of Breastfeeding: The Best Start for Every Newborn.","author":"UNICEF & WHO","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270873.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbp.2012.01.003","article-title":"Antenatal depression strongly predicts postnatal depression in primary health care","volume":"34","author":"A Faisal-Cury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03092-7","article-title":"Postnatal depression and its association with adverse infant health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"AF Dadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr047","article-title":"Postnatal depression and its effects on child development: a review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries","volume":"101","author":"CE Parsons","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270873.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1637-2","article-title":"Prenatal depression and adverse birth outcomes: an updated systematic review","volume":"19","author":"EE Accortt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270873.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.111","article-title":"A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"67","author":"NK Grote","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of general psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270873.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02198.x","article-title":"Impact of antenatal common mental disorders upon perinatal outcomes in Ethiopia: the P-MaMiE population-based cohort study","volume":"14","author":"C Hanlon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270873.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12216","article-title":"Risk Factors for Antenatal Depression and Associations with Infant Birth Outcomes: Results From a South African Birth Cohort Study","volume":"29","author":"K Brittain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0270873.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116333","article-title":"Association of Antenatal Depression with Adverse Consequences for the Mother and Newborn in Rural Ghana: Findings from the DON Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"B Weobong","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270873.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12709","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12709","article-title":"Associations between antenatal depression and neonatal outcomes in Malawi","volume":"15","author":"RC Stewart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.05.003","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression","volume":"219","author":"CA Woody","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorder"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref030","unstructured":"Harare City Health Department. City of Harare\u2014Council Hospitals and Clinics. In: Directorate H, editor. Harare2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-8-9","article-title":"Depressed mood in pregnancy: Prevalence and correlates in two Cape Town peri-urban settlements","volume":"8","author":"M Hartley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref032","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.","author":"APA","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0270873.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2012","article-title":"Postnatal depression by HIV status among women in Zimbabwe","volume":"19","author":"D Chibanda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","article-title":"Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale","volume":"150","author":"JL Cox","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0859-2","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for detecting perinatal common mental disorders (PCMDs) among women in low-and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"SD Shrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270873.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01363.x","article-title":"A systematic review of studies validating the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in antepartum and postpartum women","volume":"119","author":"J Gibson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m4022","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4022","article-title":"Accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening to detect major depression among pregnant and postpartum women: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"371","author":"B Levis","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0270873.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-009-0073-6","article-title":"Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale among women in a high HIV prevalence area in urban Zimbabwe","volume":"13","author":"D Chibanda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270873.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2001.00187.x","article-title":"Review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale","volume":"104","author":"M Eberhard-Gran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270873.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S179","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000370","article-title":"Depression during pregnancy and the postpartum among HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy in Uganda","volume":"67","author":"A Kaida","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42360-1","article-title":"Maternal body mass index moderates antenatal depression effects on infant birthweight","volume":"9","author":"H Petursdottir Maack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270873.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0129705","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129705","article-title":"Risk Factors for Low Birthweight in Zimbabwean Women: A Secondary Data Analysis","volume":"10","author":"SA Feresu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270873.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.180273","article-title":"A cohort study of low birth weight and health outcomes in the first year of life, Ghana","volume":"95","author":"M O\u2019Leary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref044","author":"LT Zvenyika-Hlatywayo","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-020-00255-2","article-title":"Timely initiation of breastfeeding in Zimbabwe: evidence from the demographic and health surveys 1994\u20132015","volume":"15","author":"S Yaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Breastfeeding Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref046","first-page":"16","article-title":"Social and Economic Barriers to Exclusive Breast Feeding In Rural Zimbabwe","volume":"3","author":"M Muchacha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J MCH AIDS"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0270873.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.188714","article-title":"Traditional oral remedies and perceived breast milk insufficiency are major barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"144","author":"A Desai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-019-0225-x","article-title":"Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of infants aged 6 to 12\u2009months in Gwanda District, Zimbabwe","volume":"14","author":"PT Mundagowa","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Breastfeeding Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0270873.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/1941406414568562","article-title":"An explorative qualitative study of experiences and challenges to exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"7","author":"T MDvW Nduna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2195-9","article-title":"Antenatal depressive symptoms and early initiation of breastfeeding in association with exclusive breastfeeding six weeks postpartum: a longitudinal population-based study","volume":"19","author":"K Cato","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0270873.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12857","article-title":"Initiation and exclusivity of breastfeeding: association with mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 prenatal and postnatal depression and marital distress","volume":"95","author":"S Ahlqvist-Bj\u00f6rkroth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0270873.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2019.0079","article-title":"The Mood, Mother, and Infant Study: Associations Between Maternal Mood in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Outcome","volume":"14","author":"AM Stuebe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.09.022","article-title":"Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"171","author":"CC Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0270873.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001530","article-title":"Breastfeeding is negatively affected by prenatal depression and reduces postpartum depression","volume":"44","author":"B Figueiredo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0270873.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2015.0069","article-title":"Antenatal Depressive Symptoms and Breastfeeding: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"10","author":"AS Yusuff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.07.004","article-title":"Mental health predictors of breastfeeding initiation and continuation among HIV infected and uninfected women in a South African birth cohort study","volume":"102","author":"E Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref057","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with postnatal depression among women in two rural districts of Manicaland, Zimbabwe","volume":"24","author":"J January","year":"2018","journal-title":"S Afr J Psychiatr"},{"key":"pone.0270873.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.10.005","article-title":"High-frequency intimate partner violence during pregnancy, postnatal depression and suicidal tendencies in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"38","author":"S Shamu","year":"2016","journal-title":"General Hospital Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0270873.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1641483","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and birth outcomes in a cohort of unmedicated women.","volume":"34","author":"P Ossola","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1898-7","article-title":"Well, not me, but other women do not register because\u2026\u201d- Barriers to seeking antenatal care in the context of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among Zimbabwean women: a mixed-methods study","volume":"18","author":"EL Sibanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0270873.ref061","first-page":"307","article-title":"Delayed First Antenatal Care Visit by Pregnant Women: Correlates in a Zimbabwean Peri-urban District","volume":"5","author":"C-MA Musendo M","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Reasearch and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0270873.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-015-0013-y","article-title":"The Friendship Bench programme: a cluster randomised controlled trial of a brief psychological intervention for common mental disorders delivered by lay health workers in Zimbabwe","volume":"9","author":"D Chibanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health Systems"},{"issue":"175","key":"pone.0270873.ref063","article-title":"Antenatal Depression is Not Associated with Low-Birth Weight: A Study from Urban Pakistan","volume":"5","author":"N Husain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270873","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T17:39:50Z","timestamp":1688751590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270873"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Wells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270873","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}}}