{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:56:12Z","timestamp":1790805372581,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arba Minch University","award":["GOV\/AMU\/TH12\/CMHS\/HO\/08\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOV\/AMU\/TH12\/CMHS\/HO\/08\/10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Zinc is an essential mineral known to be important for the normal physiological functions of the immune system. It is one of the basic nutrients required during pregnancy for the normal development and growth of the fetus. However, Zinc deficiency during pregnancy causes irreversible effects on the newborn such as growth impairment, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations and poor birth outcomes. Even though, the effect of Zinc deficiency is devastating during pregnancy, there is scarcity of evidence on Zinc deficiency and related factors among pregnant women in the current study area.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess Zinc deficiency and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in public health facilities of Konso Zone, Southern Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 424 pregnant mothers. Data were collected using pre tested questionnaire (for interview part), and 5 blood sample was drawn for serum zinc level determination. Data were entered to Epi-Data version 3.1 software and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was computed and independent variables with a p-value \u2264 0.25 were included in multivariable analysis. Serum zinc level was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy by applying clean and standard procedures in the laboratory. Finally adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence level, P-value < 0.05 was used to identify significant factors for Zinc deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Result<\/jats:title>\n The prevalence of Zinc deficiency was found to be 128 (30.26%) with the mean serum zinc level of 0.56\u00b10.12 g\/dl. Age, 25\u201334 years [AOR 2.14 (1.19,3.82)], and 35\u201349 years [AOR 2.59 (1.15, 5.85)], type of occupation, farming [AOR 6.17 (1.36, 28.06)], lack of antenatal follow up during pregnancy [AOR 3.57 (1.05,12.14)], lack of freedom to purchase food items from market [AOR 3.61 (1.27, 10.27)], and inadequate knowledge on nutrition [AOR 3.10(1.58, 6.08)] were factors associated with Zinc deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Zinc deficiency is a public health problem among pregnant mothers in the current study area. Improving maternal nutritional knowledge, motivating to have frequent antenatal follow up, and empowering to have financial freedom to purchase food items from market were the modifiable factors to reduce Zinc deficiency. Nutritional intervention that focused on improving nutritional knowledge and insuring access to Zinc sources food items should be delivered for pregnant mothers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T13:32:58Z","timestamp":1657200778000},"page":"e0270971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Zinc deficiency and associated factors among pregnant women\u2019s attending antenatal clinics in public health facilities of Konso Zone, Southern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7452-6054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eskeziaw","family":"Agedew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behailu","family":"Tsegaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0583-6635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agegnehu","family":"Bante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eshetu","family":"Zerihun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addis","family":"Aklilu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meseret","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hergewoin","family":"Kerebih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengistu Zelalem","family":"Wale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mesenbet Terefe","family":"Yirsaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0270971.ref001","article-title":"-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA): Zinc supplementation during pregnancy","volume":"14","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-008-9207-4","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies in maternity and child health: a review of environmental and social context and implications for Malawi","volume":"31","author":"N Dickinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2011.06.001","article-title":"Zinc deficiency","volume":"27","author":"MA Crook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref004","volume-title":"harrison principles of internal medicine","year":"2008","edition":"17"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref005","article-title":"Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of fetal growth restriction: a population-based birth cohort study","volume":"5","author":"H Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref006","first-page":"257","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.630541","article-title":"A Question Mark on Zinc Deficiency in 185 Million People in Pakistan Possible Way Out.","volume":"54","author":"N Khalid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref008","article-title":"Zinc Deficiency in Pregnancy and Fetal\u2014Neonatal Outcomes and Impact of the Supplements on Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"3","author":"A karimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Neonatology"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref009","article-title":"Zinc supplementation during pregnancy: e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA)","author":"I Darnton-Hill","year":"2013"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"pone.0270971.ref010","first-page":"19","volume":"62","author":"AN Metab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Update on Zinc Deficiency and Excess in Clinical Pediatric Practice"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref011","article-title":"Zinc Deficiency in Pregnancy and Fetal\u2014Neonatal Outcomes and Impact of the Supplements on Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"3","author":"A karimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Neonatology"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7979-3","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of zinc deficiency among pregnant women and children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"K Berhe","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-015-0026-6","article-title":"Prevalence of zinc deficiency and its association with dietary, serum albumin and intestinal parasitic infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"1","author":"G Kumera","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-898","article-title":"Prevalence of prenatal zinc deficiency and its association with socio-demographic, dietary and health care related factors in Rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"S Gebremedhin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref015","first-page":"e05664","article-title":"Sero-prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among the consumers of the alcoholic beverage, cheka in Konso zone, southwestern","volume":"6","author":"B Tsegaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethiopia"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref016","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of zinc deficiency and its association with dietary, serum albumin and intestinal parasitic infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at the University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar","volume":"1","author":"G Kumera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Northwest Ethiopia"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(81)90304-1","article-title":"Comparison of procedures for determination of copper and zinc in serum by atomic absorption spectroscopy","volume":"110","author":"A Taylor","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clinica chimica acta"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(80)90465-9","article-title":"Determination of zinc in serum and urine by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; relationship between serum levels of zinc and proteins in 104 normal subjects","volume":"105","author":"S Kiilerich","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czl029","article-title":"Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis","volume":"21","author":"S Vyas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health policy and planning"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref020","volume-title":"Constructing an area-based socioeconomic index: A principal components analysis approach","author":"V Krishnan","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v31i2.16382","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of prenatal vitamin A deficiency in rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia.","volume":"31","author":"SG Gebreselassie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of health, population, and nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-007-8067-6","article-title":"Serum zinc, copper, selenium, calcium, and magnesium levels in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"122","author":"A Kassu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological trace element research"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref023","volume-title":"Dietary assessment: a resource guide to method selection and application in low resource settings","author":"FAO","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of knowledge of pregnant mothers on maternal nutrition and associated factors in Guto Gida Woreda, East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia.","volume":"3","author":"G Daba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-14-79","article-title":"Factors associated with women\u2019s autonomy regarding maternal and child health care utilization in Bale Zone: a community based cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"D Nigatu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC women\u2019s health"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref026","first-page":"S99","article-title":"International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) technical document# 1. Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control","volume":"25","author":"KH Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food and nutrition bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref027","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of prenatal zinc deficiency and its association with socio-demographic, dietary and health care related factors in Rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"S Gebremedhin","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref028","article-title":"Dietary, socio-economic and demographic factors influencing serum zinc levels of pregnant women at Naivasha level 4 hospital Nakuru County, Kenya","author":"A Mitheko","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref029","first-page":"382","article-title":"Stunting prevalence, plasma zinc concentrations, and dietary zinc intakes in a nationally representative sample suggest a high risk of zinc deficiency among women and young children in Cameroon","volume":"144","author":"R Engle-Stone","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref030","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Prevalence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies amongst pregnant women in a rural area of Haryana","volume":"71","author":"P Pathak","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref031","first-page":"281","article-title":"Enrichment of fertilizers with zinc: An excellent investment for humanity and crop production in India","volume":"23","author":"IJJoteim Cakmak","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref032","first-page":"284","article-title":"Zinc, parity, infection, and severe anemia among pregnant women in Kassla, eastern Sudan","volume":"140","author":"AA Mohamed","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref033","first-page":"614","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of zinc deficiency in pregnant Vietnamese women in Ho Chi Minh City","volume":"22","author":"VQ Nguyen","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref034","first-page":"1354","article-title":"Plasma zinc, vitamin B12 and \u03b1-tocopherol are positively and plasma \u03b3-tocopherol is negatively associated with Hb concentration in early pregnancy in north-west Bangladesh","volume":"16","author":"AA Shamim","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0270971.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-898","article-title":"Prevalence of prenatal zinc deficiency and its association with socio-demographic, dietary and health care related factors in Rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"S Gebremedhin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC public health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270971","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T13:33:38Z","timestamp":1657200818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270971"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ammal Mokhtar","family":"Metwally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270971","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]}}}