{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:30:10Z","timestamp":1789828210322,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forensic facial reconstruction aims to assemble and provide the appearance of a face over a skull, in order to lead to recognition of that individual, making possible the application of primary identification methods. The scientific literature presents facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) tables for reference from a range of different geographic regions. However, the consensus on its importance or on how to use specific population data related to FSTT is not unanimous. Brazil is formed by geographic regions with diverse populations, which are reflected in facial features. This paper aimed to measure and compare FSTT of distinct Brazilian samples to ascertain the need for specific data sets for different regions. A specific protocol for cone beam computed tomography was used to standardize measurement, and it was applied in a sample of 101 subjects. The FSTT measurements of a Brazilian population from the Midwest Region was compared to a previous sample from Southeast, which was collected using the same protocol. High compatibility was observed when comparing the averages of FSTT among samples of these two different geographic regions. Regarding age groups, notable differences on the medium and inferior face were observed in females. Minor variances found are unlikely to affect the practice of forensic facial reconstruction. Facial features, such as eyes, lips, nose, and skin may also be relevant in the differentiation of people from these two areas in Brazil. Therefore, concerning the Southeast and Midwest Brazilian regions, the need to apply different data sets is unnecessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T13:32:05Z","timestamp":1657891925000},"page":"e0270980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Facial soft tissue thickness in forensic facial reconstruction: Impact of regional differences in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1999-9718","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deisy Satie","family":"Moritsugui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia Vanessa Greb","family":"Fugiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5951-037X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fl\u00e1via Nicolle Stefani","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9319-4235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luiz Eug\u00eanio Nigro","family":"Mazzilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Leite","family":"Beaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff","family":"Melani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0270980.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01182.x","article-title":"Facial reconstruction\u2013anatomical art or artistic anatomy?","volume":"216","author":"C. Wilkinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1385\/FSMP:1:3:173","article-title":"Computerized forensic facial reconstruction: A review of current systems","volume":"1","author":"C. Wilkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref003","article-title":"Facial identification of the dead","author":"C. Wilkinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref004","first-page":"211.e1","article-title":"Tests of one Brazilian facial reconstruction method using three soft tissue depth sets and familiar assessors.","volume":"214","author":"CMS Fernandes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2018.1519892","article-title":"An overview of the latest developments in facial imaging","volume":"4","author":"CN Stephan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.05.024","article-title":"Facial soft tissue thickness in the Brazilian population: new reference data and anatomical landmarks","volume":"231","author":"NH de Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.02.018","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of facial soft tissue depth measurements using cone beam computer tomography","volume":"199","author":"Z Fourie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.01.009","article-title":"Facial reconstruction: Soft tissue thickness values for South African black females.","volume":"206","author":"D Cavanagh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.09.002","article-title":"Facial soft tissue thickness of Brazilian adults","volume":"193","author":"SV Tedeschi-Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.06.012","article-title":"Facial soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction in the Turkish adult population.","volume":"242","author":"O Bulut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.11.011","article-title":"Facial soft tissue thicknesses for the Portuguese adult population","volume":"184","author":"S. Codinha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2019.01.002","article-title":"Facial approximation: Soft tissue thickness values for Caucasian males using cone beam computer tomography","volume":"37","author":"A De Donno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref013","article-title":"Facial Soft Tissue Depths in Craniofacial Identification (Part I): An Analytical Review of the Published Adult Data*","author":"CN Stephan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0126614100","article-title":"Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians","volume":"100","author":"FC Parra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201802027","article-title":"Photoanthropometry of the Face in the Young White Brazilian Population","volume":"29","author":"PS Gonzales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2016.09.004","article-title":"Sex and ancestry assessment of Brazilian crania using semi-automatic mesh processing tools","volume":"23","author":"M Jurda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.05.040","article-title":"The Brazilian identified human osteological collections.","volume":"289","author":"E Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2021.101866","article-title":"Facial soft tissue depth measurements in cone-beam computed tomography: A study of a Brazilian sample.","volume":"50","author":"TL Beaini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.19177\/jrd.v1e42013351-367","article-title":"Evaluation of osifix software with craniofacial anthropometric purposes","volume":"1","author":"PEM Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Res Dent"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11301J","article-title":"Thickness of facial tissues in American blacks","volume":"25","author":"JS Rhine","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2004.11.018","article-title":"Advanced Statistics: Bootstrapping Confidence Intervals for Statistics with \u201cDifficult\u201d Distributions.","volume":"12","author":"JS Haukoos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.07.051","article-title":"Facial soft tissue thicknesses: Noise, signal, and P","volume":"257","author":"CN Stephan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.02007.x","article-title":"Reproducibility of Facial Soft Tissue Thicknesses for Craniofacial Reconstruction Using Cone-Beam CT Images: FACIAL SOFT TISSUE THICKNESS USING CBCT IMAGES","volume":"57","author":"H-S Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12766","article-title":"Reproducibility of Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Measurements Using Cone-Beam CT Images According to the Measurement Methods","volume":"60","author":"H-S Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(96)02010-5","article-title":"Facial reconstruction: utilization of computerized tomography to measure facial tissue thickness in a mixed racial population","volume":"83","author":"VM Phillips","year":"1996","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12799","article-title":"Ancestry and BMI Influences on Facial Soft Tissue Depths for A Cohort of Chinese and Caucasoid Women in Dunedin, New Zealand","volume":"60","author":"LJ Baillie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12726","article-title":"Correlation Between Average Tissue Depth Data and Quantitative Accuracy of Forensic Craniofacial Reconstructions Measured by Geometric Surface Comparison Method","volume":"60","author":"W-J Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1581-y","article-title":"In vivo facial soft tissue depths of a modern adult population from Germany","volume":"131","author":"N Thiemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.04.007","article-title":"Facial soft tissue depths in French adults: variability, specificity and estimation.","volume":"231","author":"P Guyomarc\u2019h","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref030","author":"LS Baccarin","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12732","article-title":"Facial Approximation-From Facial Reconstruction Synonym to Face Prediction Paradigm","volume":"60","author":"CN Stephan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.08.008","article-title":"Re-assessment of South African juvenile facial soft tissue thickness data for craniofacial approximation: A comparative analysis using central tendency statistics","volume":"291","author":"N Briers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref033","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the International Association of Craniofacial Identification","author":"C Wilkinson","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2014.09.003","article-title":"Contemporary Thoughts on Lower Eyelid\/Midface Aging","volume":"42","author":"DR Buchanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2020.101743","article-title":"Soft tissue thickness in Brazilian adults of different skeletal classes and facial types: A cone beam CT\u2013Study","volume":"47","author":"A Farias Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leg Med."},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.06.004","article-title":"Influence of sex and body mass index on facial soft tissue thickness measurements of the northern Chinese adult population","volume":"222","author":"Y Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-009-9085-9","article-title":"The influence of sex, age and body mass index on facial soft tissue depths","volume":"5","author":"S De Greef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004251","article-title":"Does sexual dimorphism in facial soft tissue depths justify sex distinction in craniofacial identification","volume":"50","author":"CN Stephan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23376","article-title":"A quantitative approach for sex estimation based on cranial morphology","volume":"165","author":"E Nikita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjy096","article-title":"Calvarial Volume Loss and Facial Aging: A Computed Tomographic (CT)-Based Study.","volume":"38","author":"S Cotofana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J."},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007518","article-title":"Facial Aging: A Quantitative Analysis of Midface Volume Changes over 11 Years","volume":"147","author":"LM Boehm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.09.002","article-title":"The aging face","volume":"62","author":"AC Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0270980.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-012-9904-3","article-title":"Changes in the Facial Skeleton With Aging: Implications and Clinical Applications in Facial Rejuvenation","volume":"36","author":"B Mendelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270980","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T13:32:49Z","timestamp":1657891969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270980"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0270980","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]}}}