{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T05:42:46Z","timestamp":1774503766160,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Departmental yearly budget funds from the Biological Sciences Department at Florida Gulf Coast University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium sulfate bone void filler beads are fully absorbable in the body, and are often used in complicated orthopedic infection cases to release a relatively high dose of antibiotics locally to the body site over time. However, the antibiotic resistance crisis and\/or inability to treat chronic biofilm infections remains to be a formidable and increasing health threat. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that plant essential oils (PEOs) with anti-staphylococcal qualities could inhibit the growth of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (a major etiological agent of periprosthetic joint infection) in agar pour plates when infused in calcium sulfate beads. To begin, we conducted a screen of 57 single plant PEOs for anti-staphylococcal activity via disk diffusions assays. We observed that 55\/57 of the PEOs had significant growth inhibitory activity compared to the null hypothesis, and 41\/57 PEOs exhibited activity similar-to-or-higher-than a vancomycin minimum inhibitory control. When PEOs were infused in beads, we observed that 17\/57 PEOs tested exhibited significant bacterial growth inhibition when encased in <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>-seeded agar compared to a null hypothesis of six millimeters (bead size). However, none of the PEO-beads had activity similar to a vancomycin bead control made according to a clinically relevant formula. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report and screen of PEOs for growth inhibitory activity when infused in lab-made calcium sulfate beads. These data indicate that antibacterial PEOs warrant further investigations, and may be useful in developing new treatment strategies for periprosthetic joint infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T18:10:06Z","timestamp":1657303806000},"page":"e0271209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Calcium sulfate beads made with antibacterial essential oil-water emulsions exhibit growth inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus in agar pour plates"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7305-4478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allison N.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara J.","family":"Licea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sierra A.","family":"Sleeper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0041-0128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Swearingen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0271209.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9090547","article-title":"Antibiotic Tolerance of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm in Periprosthetic Joint Infections and Antibiofilm Strategies","volume":"9","author":"F Lamret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"pone.0271209.ref002","article-title":"Staphylococcal Skin and Soft Tissue Infections","author":"TJ Hatlen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271209.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2021-005","article-title":"Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus Bloodstream Infections in Humans: a Review","volume":"70","author":"K Lisowska-\u0141ysiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0271209.ref004","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"SB Clark","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271209.ref005","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis in diverse host environments","volume":"75","author":"D Balasubramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0271209.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.5.17724","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"2","author":"NK 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Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"20","author":"RP Mittal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0271209.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11112265","article-title":"In Vitro Efficacy of Antibiotics Released from Calcium Sulfate Bone Void Filler Beads","volume":"11","author":"PA Laycock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials (Basel"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0271209.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244052","article-title":"Complete Killing of Agar Lawn Biofilms by Systematic Spacing of Antibiotic-Loaded Calcium Sulfate Beads","volume":"12","author":"DH Dusane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0271209.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.01.005","article-title":"Effects of loading concentration, blood and synovial fluid on antibiotic release and anti-biofilm activity of bone cement beads","volume":"248","author":"DH Dusane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of controlled release: official journal of the Controlled Release Society"},{"issue":"1052","key":"pone.0271209.ref017","first-page":"51","article-title":"Potential Treatment Options in a Post-antibiotic Era","author":"RR Bragg","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases and Nanomedicine III Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"pone.0271209.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103580","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents against drug-resistant microbial pathogens","volume":"134","author":"S Tariq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0271209.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23903","article-title":"Antibiotic loaded calcium sulfate bead and pulse 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