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In phase 1, one of the combinations was administered intramuscularly to miniature pigs. The KMXS protocol combined 10 mg kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> ketamine, 0.5 mg kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> midazolam, and 2 mg kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> xylazine with 2 \u03bcg kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> sufentanil. The TZX protocol combined 2.2 mg kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> tiletamine, 2.2 mg kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> zolazepam, and 1.4 mg kg<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> xylazine. After treatment, the mean arterial pressure, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation, rectal temperature, and anesthesia quality were recorded. In phase 2, the feasibility of KMXS and TZX as general anesthetics were evaluated for pig castration. In phase 1, both drug combinations provided smooth induction with similar anesthetic effects. The KMXS protocol provided moderate anesthesia for 60\u201370 minutes in pigs, while the TZX protocol provided 30\u201345 minutes. In phase 2, castration was completed smoothly in all pigs with little fluctuation in physiological variables. The KMXS protocol is better for medium-term anesthesia, while the TZX protocol is preferable for short-term anesthesia in pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T17:28:59Z","timestamp":1657646939000},"page":"e0271325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparison of cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of ketamine-midazolam-xylazine-sufentanil and tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine in miniature pigs"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhiheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meilun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9190-0562","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271325.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3182a3cd74","article-title":"Combined hemorrhage\/trauma models in pigs-current state and future perspectives","volume":"40","author":"F Hildebrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shock (Augusta, Ga)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0271325.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.05.011","article-title":"Comparison of ketamine-dexmedetomidine-methadone and tiletamine-zolazepam-methadone combinations for short-term anaesthesia in domestic pigs","volume":"205","author":"V De Monte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary journal (London, England: 1997)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271325.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252314000073","article-title":"Pain management in the neonatal piglet during routine management procedures. 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