{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T02:18:08Z","timestamp":1776910688365,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of fungal secondary infections among COVID-19 patients and efficacy of antifungal therapy used in such patients is still unknown. Hence, we conducted this study to find the prevalence of fungal secondary infections among COVID-19 patients and patient outcomes in terms of recovery or all-cause mortality following antifungal therapy (AFT) in such patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, Scopus<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, Web of Sciences<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup>, The Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrial.gov,<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/MedRxiv.org\" xlink:type=\"simple\">MedRxiv.org<\/jats:ext-link>,<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/bioRxiv.org\" xlink:type=\"simple\">bioRxiv.org<\/jats:ext-link>, and Google scholar to identify the literature that used antifungal therapy for the management fungal secondary infections in COVID-19 patients. We included case reports, case series, prospective &amp; retrospective studies, and clinical trials. Mantel Haenszel random-effect model was used for estimating pooled risk ratio for required outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 33 case reports, 3 case series, and 21 cohort studies were selected for final data extraction and analysis. The prevalence of fungal secondary infections among COVID-19 patients was 28.2%. Azoles were the most commonly (65.1%) prescribed AFT. Study shows that high survival frequency among patients using AFT, received combination AFT and AFT used for &gt;28 days. The meta-analysis showed, no significant difference in all-cause mortality between patients who received AFT and without AFT (p = 0.17), between types of AFT (p = 0.85) and the duration of AFT (p = 0.67).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of fungal secondary infections among COVID-19 patients was 28.2%. The survival frequency was high among patients who used AFT for fungal secondary infections, received combination AFT and AFT used for &gt;28 days. However, meta-analysis results found that all-cause mortality in COVID-19 patients with fungal secondary infections is not significantly associated with type and duration of AFT, mostly due to presence of confounding factors such as small number of events, delay in diagnosis of fungal secondary infections, presence of other co-infections and multiple comorbidities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T17:52:35Z","timestamp":1659030755000},"page":"e0271795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antifungal therapy in the management of fungal secondary infections in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sujit Kumar","family":"Sah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atiqulla","family":"Shariff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niharika","family":"Pathakamuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7192-7271","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Subramanian","family":"Ramaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhan","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Undela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malavalli Siddalingegowda","family":"Srikanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teggina Math Pramod","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0271795.ref001","unstructured":"Fungal diseases and COVID-19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In: cdc.gov. 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fungal\/covid-fungal.html."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271795.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00462-9","article-title":"Fungal Co-infections Associated with Global COVID-19 Pandemic: A Clinical and Diagnostic Perspective from China","volume":"185","author":"G Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref003","unstructured":"Press Information Bureau. Govt. of Inida. 2021. Available: https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1718501."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271795.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.15190\/d.2021.5","article-title":"High mortality co-infections of COVID-19 patients: mucormycosis and other fungal infections.","volume":"9","author":"K Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discoveries"},{"issue":"10229","key":"pone.0271795.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271795.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2020.07.001","article-title":"Fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients: Should we be concerned?","volume":"37","author":"J Pem\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271795.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement.","volume":"4","author":"D Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0271795.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement.","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref009","unstructured":"The Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews ofinterventions, Version 5.1.10. 2011. Available: https:\/\/handbook-5-1.cochrane.org\/front_page.htm."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271795.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2017-110853","article-title":"Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports","volume":"23","author":"MH Murad","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Evidence-Based Med"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref011","author":"GA Wells","journal-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271795.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0424-z","article-title":"Are there differences in treatment effects between labial and lingual fixed orthodontic appliances? A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"F Ata-Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref013","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref014","article-title":"Mortality in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","author":"S Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref015","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Mucormycosis in COVID-19: A systematic review of cases reported worldwide and in India.","volume":"15","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0271795.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E799","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004457","article-title":"ICU and Ventilator Mortality among Critically Ill Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019.","volume":"48","author":"SC Auld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"91","key":"pone.0271795.ref017","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA)\u2014from immunology to treatment.","volume":"6","author":"A Arastehfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"issue":"152","key":"pone.0271795.ref018","first-page":"10","article-title":"Toward the personalized and integrative management of voriconazole dosing during COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis.","volume":"25","author":"B Le Dar\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"issue":"98","key":"pone.0271795.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of aspergillosis.","volume":"4","author":"JD Jenks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fungi."},{"issue":"211","key":"pone.0271795.ref020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Covid-19-associated candidiasis (Cac): An underestimated complication in the absence of immunological predispositions?","volume":"6","author":"A Arastehfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S176384","article-title":"Treatment of candidemia in a nationwide setting: Increased survival with primary echinocandin treatment.","volume":"11","author":"KR Lausch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271795.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00528-2","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature.","volume":"186","author":"D Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"2021","key":"pone.0271795.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.11.004","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and hyperthermia in an immunocompetent patient with COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"A Haglund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271795.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2021.101124","article-title":"Fatal disseminated aspergillosis in an immunocompetent patient with COVID-19 due to Aspergillus ochraceus","volume":"31","author":"A Hakamifard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Mycol"},{"issue":"2020","key":"pone.0271795.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.06.002","article-title":"COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA): An Australian case report.","volume":"31","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271795.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115272","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after treatment with tocilizumab in a patient with COVID-19 ARDS: a case report","volume":"99","author":"C Witting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2021","key":"pone.0271795.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2021.01.002","article-title":"Tocilizumab administration in COVID-19 patients: Water on the fire or gasoline?","volume":"31","author":"C Deana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0271795.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00493-2","article-title":"Fatal Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in COVID-19 Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Iran","volume":"185","author":"E Nasri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"2020","key":"pone.0271795.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.06.005","article-title":"Multi-triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: A lethal combination","volume":"31","author":"A Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271795.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2020.101039","article-title":"Fatal aspergillosis complicating severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case report.","volume":"30","author":"F Schein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271795.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13501","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13501","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient.","volume":"23","author":"H Trujillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2020","key":"pone.0271795.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.05.001","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating COVID-19 in the ICU\u2014A case report","volume":"31","author":"J Prattes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0271795.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000201","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis in two COVID-19 patients from Kuwait.","volume":"3","author":"K Alobaid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Access Microbiol"},{"issue":"2021","key":"pone.0271795.ref034","first-page":"101367","article-title":"Fatal VAP-related pulmonary aspergillosis by Aspergillus niger in a positive COVID-19 patient.","volume":"32","author":"L Trovato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271795.ref035","first-page":"263","article-title":"Severe respiratory failure in an immunocompetent host with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and h1n1 influenza.","volume":"28","author":"LF Saccaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1849250","article-title":"Pseudofungi in an immunocompromised patient with breast cancer and covid-19.","volume":"2020","author":"N Bilani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep Med."},{"issue":"2020","key":"pone.0271795.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.07.001","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia involving Aspergillus flavus in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Argentina.","volume":"31","author":"NB Fernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref038","first-page":"1","article-title":"Subacute Aspergillosis \u201cFungal Balls\u201d Complicating COVID-19.","volume":"8","author":"RK Patti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Reports"},{"issue":"2021","key":"pone.0271795.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2021.105865","article-title":"Post covid-19 invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis: A case report.","volume":"82","author":"FH Kakamad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00935","article-title":"Fatal Coronavirus Disease 2019-associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature.","volume":"22","author":"S Abdalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0271795.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.02.026","article-title":"COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in a Japanese man: A case report.","volume":"27","author":"W Imoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0271795.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.03.024","article-title":"A fatal case of COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.","volume":"27","author":"Y Iwanaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"2021","key":"pone.0271795.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2021.105957","article-title":"Sino-orbital mucormycosis in a COVID-19 patient: A case report.","volume":"82","author":"A Maini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271795.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2021.101125","article-title":"Mucormycosis after Coronavirus disease 2019 infection in a heart transplant recipient\u2013Case report and review of literature","volume":"31","author":"A Khatri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Mycol"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13652","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13652","article-title":"Mucormycosis associated with covid19 in two kidney transplant patients.","volume":"00","author":"C Arana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref046","first-page":"2","article-title":"Maxillofacial Infections in Covid-19 Era\u2014Actuality or the Unforeseen: 2 Case Reports.","volume":"2","author":"D Sai Krishna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0271795.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2020.180","article-title":"Rare and fatal gastrointestinal mucormycosis (Zygomycosis) in a COVID-19 patient: A case report.","volume":"53","author":"ES Do Monte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Endosc."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271795.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-241663","article-title":"COVID-19 triggering mucormycosis in a susceptible patient: A new phenomenon in the developing world","volume":"14","author":"SM Revannavar","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0271795.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25173","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025173","article-title":"Role of tocilizumab for concomitant systemic fungal infection in severe COVID-19 patient: Case report.","volume":"100","author":"AP Sari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref050","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Acute Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis Coinfection in a Patient Presenting With Multifocal Pneumonia With COVID-19.","volume":"8","author":"CC Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Reports."},{"issue":"98","key":"pone.0271795.ref051","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bloodstream infection by saccharomyces cerevisiae in two covid-19 patients after receiving supplementation of saccharomyces in the icu.","volume":"6","author":"I Ventoulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0271795.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420957518","article-title":"COVID-19 associated with AIDS-related disseminated histoplasmosis: a case report","volume":"31","author":"M Bertolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271795.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3668","article-title":"Cryptococcemia in a patient with COVID-19: A case report.","volume":"9","author":"MY Khatib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Case Reports."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271795.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01458-9","article-title":"Successful management of the first reported case in Austria of COVID-19 with ARDS.","volume":"48","author":"T Seitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271795.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13254","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013associated pulmonary aspergillosis: a prospective single-center dual case series.","volume":"64","author":"EFJ Meijer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"2021","key":"pone.0271795.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.11.003","article-title":"COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients: Report of five cases from Argentina","volume":"31","author":"MF Benedetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.07.002","article-title":"Late histopathologic characteristics of critically ill COVID-19 patients: Different phenotypes without evidence of invasive aspergillosis, a case series.","volume":"59","author":"AW Flikweert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271795.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04063-8","article-title":"Rates of bacterial co-infections and antimicrobial use in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study in light of antibiotic stewardship","volume":"40","author":"K Rothe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_3774_20","article-title":"Mucor in a Viral Land: A Tale of Two Pathogens.","volume":"69","author":"M Sen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"10223","key":"pone.0271795.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 99 Cases of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A Descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref061","article-title":"COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients","author":"N Permpalung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"XXXXXX","key":"pone.0271795.ref062","first-page":"1","article-title":"A National Strategy to Diagnose Coronavirus Disease 2019\u2013Associated Invasive Fungal Disease in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"XX","author":"PL White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0271795.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13096","article-title":"COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis.","volume":"63","author":"P Koehler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0271795.ref064","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients with COVID-19.","volume":"25","author":"M Maes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0271795.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13135","article-title":"COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in patients admitted with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: An observational study from Pakistan.","volume":"63","author":"N Nasir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0271795.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26633","article-title":"Fungemia in COVID-19 ICU patients, a single medical center experience","volume":"93","author":"E Bishburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0271795.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238825","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: Results from the prospective AspCOVID-19 study.","volume":"16","author":"T Lahmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"284","key":"pone.0271795.ref068","first-page":"1","article-title":"Candidemia among iranian patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to ICUs.","volume":"7","author":"A Arastehfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0271795.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202009-3400OC","article-title":"Occurrence of invasive pulmonary fungal infections in patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the ICU","volume":"203","author":"A Fekkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271795.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13216","article-title":"Accuracy of galactomannan testing on tracheal aspirates in COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis.","volume":"64","author":"CM Roman-Montes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271795.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13219","article-title":"Prevalence of opportunistic invasive aspergillosis in COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia.","volume":"64","author":"G Segrelles-Calvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0271795.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13185","article-title":"Putative invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with COVID-19: An observational study from New York City.","volume":"63","author":"H Mitaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.204895","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis, March\u2013August 2020","volume":"27","author":"M August","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271795.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-021-00526-y","article-title":"Community-acquired and hospital-acquired respiratory tract infection and bloodstream infection in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia.","volume":"9","author":"KK S\u00f8gaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2021.101122","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in COVID-19 critically ill patients: Results of a French monocentric cohort","author":"M Versyck","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Mycol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0271795.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13137","article-title":"Oropharyngeal candidiasis in hospitalised COVID-19 patients from Iran: Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern.","volume":"63","author":"M Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"pone.0271795.ref077","article-title":"Original article Bacterial pulmonary superinfections are associated with unfavourable outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients.","author":"PK Buehler","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0271795.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.09.024","article-title":"Survey of antibiotic and antifungal prescribing in patients with suspected and confirmed COVID-19 in Scottish hospitals.","volume":"81","author":"RA Seaton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271795","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T02:49:24Z","timestamp":1700880564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271795"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joy","family":"Sturtevant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271795","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]}}}