{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T17:45:29Z","timestamp":1772214329634,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of health","award":["S10RR029020-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10RR029020-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019607","name":"Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analyze changes in frequency activity and structural organization that occur over time with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF)<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little is known about the frequency characteristics of the epicardium during transition from paroxysmal to persistent AF. Accurate identification of areas of high dominant frequency (DF) is often hampered by limited spatial resolution. Improvements in electrode arrays provide high spatiotemporal resolution, allowing for characterization of the changes that occur during this transition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AF was induced in adult Yorkshire swine by atrial tachypacing. DF mapping was performed using personalized mapping arrays. Histological analysis and late gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging were performed to determine structural differences in fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The left atrial epicardium was associated with a significant increase in DF in persistent AF (6.5 \u00b1 0.2 vs. 7.4 \u00b1 0.5 Hz, P = 0.03). The organization index (OI) significantly decreased during persistent AF in both the left atria (0.3 \u00b1 0.03 vs. 0.2 \u00b1 0.03, P = 0.01) and right atria (0.33 \u00b1 0.04 vs. 0.23 \u00b1 0.02, P = 0.02). MRI analysis demonstrated increased ECV values in persistent AF (0.19 vs 0.34, paroxysmal vs persistent, P = 0.05). Tissue sections from the atria showed increase in fibrosis in pigs with persistent AF compared to paroxysmal AF. Staining demonstrated decreased myocardial fiber alignment and loss of anisotropy in persistent AF tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Changes in tissue organization and fibrosis are observed in the porcine model of persistent AF. Alterations in frequency activity and organization index can be captured with high resolution using flexible electrode arrays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T13:30:51Z","timestamp":1676381451000},"page":"e0271846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High-resolution spatiotemporal changes in dominant frequency and structural organization during persistent atrial fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Terrence","family":"Pong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0477-7496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joy","family":"Aparicio-Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7826-7755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oluwatomisin","family":"Obafemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Cyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cody","family":"Carlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calvin","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anson","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0271846.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.05.012","article-title":"2017 HRS\/EHRA\/ECAS\/APHRS\/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"H Calkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"pone.0271846.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104712","article-title":"Pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"105","author":"H Oral","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pone.0271846.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.03.021","article-title":"Direct or Coincidental Elimination of Stable Rotors or Focal Sources May Explain Successful Atrial Fibrillation Ablation","volume":"62","author":"SM Narayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"pone.0271846.ref004","first-page":"650","article-title":"Spatiotemporal behavior of high dominant frequency during paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation in the human left atrium.","volume":"5","author":"JW Jarman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation: Arrhythmia Electrophysiology"},{"key":"pone.0271846.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.517011","article-title":"Spectral analysis identifies sites of high-frequency activity maintaining atrial fibrillation in humans","volume":"112","author":"P Sanders","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pone.0271846.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.112.000167","article-title":"Noninvasive Localization of Maximal Frequency Sites of Atrial Fibrillation by Body Surface Potential Mapping. 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