{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:22:27Z","timestamp":1791901347164,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008804","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a pathophysiological spectrum of cardiovascular diseases related to atherosclerotic coronary plaque erosion. Oxidative stress and inflammation play pivotal roles in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, which affects circulatory proteins, including albumin and fibrinogen, thereby causing an imbalance in albumin to globulin and fibrinogen to albumin ratios. This study aimed to assess the effect of oxidative stress on circulatory proteins, correlate these parameters, and investigate their significance in patients with ACS. In this case-control study, the major blood proteins in patients with ACS and a control group were evaluated using standard methods. Out of 70 ACS cases, 75.7% had ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 18.6% had non-STEMI, and 5.7% had unstable angina. The mean cardiac troponin I level in patients was 12.42 ng\/mL. The patients demonstrated a significantly reduced level of human serum albumin (HSA), 3.81 \u00b1 0.99 g\/dL, compared to controls, 5.33 \u00b1 0.66 g\/dL. The albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) was significantly depressed in patients while their mean fibrinogen level and the fibrinogen to albumin ratio (FAR) were significantly higher. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that albumin and fibrinogen were significantly associated with the risk of ACS, showing the potential of these parameters to be used for risk assessment of ACS. The ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and protein carbonyls were significantly higher in patients which showed significant positive correlations with FAR. Albumin, IMA and protein carbonyls were found to have high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for ACS. Overall, these circulatory and modified proteins in ACS patients, particularly lower HSA, AGR, and higher IMA and protein carbonyls may help assess risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T13:37:04Z","timestamp":1658842624000},"page":"e0271882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Association of albumin, fibrinogen, and modified proteins with acute coronary syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nabila Nawar","family":"Binti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourin","family":"Ferdausi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Eahsanul Karim","family":"Anik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8832-8737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laila Noor","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271882.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3329\/cardio.v11i1.38244","article-title":"In-hospital outcomes of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction in patients with acute kidney injury","volume":"11","author":"MM Haque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0271882.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.4065\/84.10.917","article-title":"Acute coronary syndromes: diagnosis and management, part I","volume":"84","author":"A Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271882.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.964700","article-title":"Long-term survival and recurrence after acute myocardial infarction in England, 2004 to 2010","volume":"5","author":"K Smolina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0271882.ref004","first-page":"RA209","article-title":"Oxidative stress and ischemic myocardial syndromes","volume":"15","author":"MK Misra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"pone.0271882.ref005","first-page":"945","article-title":"Human serum albumin and its relation with oxidative stress","volume":"59","author":"M Sitar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0271882.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-013-0367-3","article-title":"Estimation of ischemia modified albumin (IMA) levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"29","author":"P Gurumurthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271882.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(00)00255-9","article-title":"A novel assay for cobalt-albumin binding and its potential as a marker for myocardial ischemia\u2014a preliminary report","volume":"19","author":"D Bar-Or","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271882.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2003.006007","article-title":"Role of \u201cIschemia Modified Albumin\u201d, a new biochemical marker of myocardial ischaemia, in the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes","volume":"21","author":"MK Sinha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0271882.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00003-2","article-title":"Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress","volume":"329","author":"I Dalle-Donne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0271882.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.18.1477","article-title":"Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: Meta-analyses of prospective studies","volume":"279","author":"J Danesh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0271882.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-017-0111-x","article-title":"Critical appraisal of the role of serum albumin in cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"SC Chien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0271882.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.9.1202","article-title":"Enhanced erythrocyte aggregability in occlusive cerebrovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"N Tanahashi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271882.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319712436577","article-title":"Value of albumin-globulin ratio as a predictor of all-cause mortality after non-ST elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"64","author":"B Azab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271882.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613566","article-title":"Fibrin(ogen) in cardiovascular disease: an update","volume":"89","author":"W Koenig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"pone.0271882.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-011-0290-8","article-title":"Fibrinogen as a key regulator of inflammation in disease","volume":"34","author":"D Davalos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0271882.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.03.003","article-title":"The relationship between fibrinogen to albumin ratio and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with STEMI","volume":"34","author":"O Karahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"pone.0271882.ref017","article-title":"Role of tight glycemic control during acute coronary syndrome on CV outcome in type 2 diabetes","author":"FC Sasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271882.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/11.4.478","article-title":"Direct spectrophotometric determination of albumin in human serum","volume":"11","author":"FL Rodkey","year":"1965","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271882.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.23.1.43","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid method for the determination of plasma fibrinogen","volume":"23","author":"HB Burmester","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271882.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEH.2019.108564","article-title":"Investigation of the cellular and soluble markers of inflammation for the assessment of cardiovascular risk in patients with acute coronary syndrome in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"TZ Choudhury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Electron Healthc"},{"key":"pone.0271882.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86141-H","article-title":"Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins","volume":"186","author":"RL Levine","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0271882.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.4236\/wjcd.2019.95029","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on assessment of oxidative stress in coronary heart disease patients in Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"M Kamruzzaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271882.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90667-K","article-title":"Serum albumin, coronary heart disease, and death","volume":"123","author":"RF Gillum","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0271882.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116030","article-title":"The relation between serum albumin levels and risk of coronary heart disease in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial","volume":"134","author":"LH Kuller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0271882.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2037","article-title":"Tight glycemic control may increase regenerative potential of myocardium during acute infarction","volume":"97","author":"R Marfella","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0271882.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.8.1133","article-title":"Fibrinogen and the albumin-globulin ratio in recurrent stroke","volume":"24","author":"N Beamer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0271882.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00174.x","article-title":"Plasma fibrinogen\u2014an independent cardiovascular risk factor","volume":"227","author":"E Ernst","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0271882.ref028","first-page":"178","article-title":"Predictive value of plasma fibrinogen levels in patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Y Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271882.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00008-6","article-title":"Plasma fibrinogen and troponin I in acute coronary syndrome and stable angina","volume":"83","author":"M Gil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0271882.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20223","article-title":"Assay of ischemia-modified albumin and C-reactive protein for early diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes","volume":"22","author":"C Liyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0271882.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.174295","article-title":"A synergistic role of ischemia modified albumin and high-sensitivity troponin T in the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome","volume":"4","author":"MD Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0271882.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.07.001","article-title":"Increased plasma malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels and lymphocyte DNA damage in patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease","volume":"38","author":"U Turkoglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271882","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T13:37:43Z","timestamp":1658842663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271882"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Arturo","family":"Cesaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271882","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}