{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:48Z","timestamp":1787022108710,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence rates of depression and anxiety are unforeseen among primary caregivers of patients with epilepsy. Little attention is being given to the problem in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety among caregivers of children and adolescents with epilepsy in three selected hospitals in Amhara region, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Ethiopia from January 1-30\/2021. Systematic sampling technique was used. The Public Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaires were used to measure depression and anxiety respectively. Binary logistic regression model was employed independently for both depression and anxiety. Variables with P-values &lt;0.2 were taken to multivariate analyses. Variables with P-value &lt;0.05 in the multivariate analyses were considered to have a statistical association with depression and anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 383 participants involved yielding a response rate of 90.5%. The prevalence of depression and anxiety were found to be 13.7% and 10.4% respectively. Being female (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.21: 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00, 3.82), being unmarried (AOR = 1.31; 95%CI: 0.32, 5.023), having history of chronic medical illness (AOR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.07, 1.98), current seizure attack (AOR = 4.19; 95%CI: 1.36, 12.97), duration of care 6-11years (AOR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.11, 7.58), duration of care &gt; 11years (AOR = 6.90; 95%CI: 1.56, 30.49), moderate social support (AOR = 0.37; 95%CI: 0.13, 0.81), strong social support (AOR = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.22, 1.67) and currently use substance (AOR = 2.01;95%CI: 1.63, 6.46) were factors associated with depression. On the other hand, being unmarried (AOR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.12, 1.93), current seizure attack (AOR = 1.81 with 95% CI = 1.28\u20132.54), able to read and write (AOR = 0.33; 95%CI: 0.14, 0.77), completed primary and secondary education (AOR = 0.54; 95%CI: 0.39, 0.76), current substance use (AOR = 1.466; 95%CI: 1.12, 1.93), being parent (AOR = 2.55; 95%CI: 1.31, 4.96), rural (AOR = 3.75; 95%CI: 1.40, 10.04) and grand mal type (AOR = 2.21; 95%CI: 1.68, 2.91) were factors associated with anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our study, approximately one in fifteen and more than one in ten caregivers had depression and anxiety respectively. The result of this study suggested that healthcare providers need to pay more attention to the psychological well-being of all caregivers of children and adolescents with epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T13:33:36Z","timestamp":1658756016000},"page":"e0271885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Depression and anxiety and their associated factors among caregivers of children and adolescents with epilepsy in three selected hospitals in Amhara region, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7652-5212","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mekonnen","family":"Tsehay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mogesie","family":"Necho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmare","family":"Belete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6486-3732","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mengesha","family":"Srahbzu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0271885.ref001","volume-title":"Neurological disorders: public health challenges:","author":"Organization WH","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"16","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557X.104253","article-title":"Challenges in neurological practice in developing countries","volume":"56","author":"S Pandey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian journal of public health"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61S","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807303070","article-title":"The personal and financial impact of repetitive or prolonged seizures on the patient and family","volume":"22","author":"C O\u2019Dell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of child neurology"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.09.025","article-title":"The impact of childhood epilepsy on quality of life: a qualitative investigation using focus group methods to obtain children\u2019s perspectives on living with epilepsy.","volume":"14","author":"C Moffat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00184.x","article-title":"The impact of childhood epilepsy on neurocognitive and behavioral performance: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"41","author":"LL Bailet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.03.010","article-title":"Parenting stress and childhood epilepsy: the impact of depression, learning, and seizure-related factors.","volume":"13","author":"S Cushner-Weinstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809332396","article-title":"Adolescent and caregiver experiences with epilepsy","volume":"24","author":"MR Asato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of child neurology"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02276.x","article-title":"Depressive symptoms among mothers of children with epilepsy: a review of prevalence, associated factors, and impact on children","volume":"50","author":"MA Ferro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13326","article-title":"Parental anxiety in childhood epilepsy: a systematic review","volume":"57","author":"C Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.09.025","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and emotional well-being in parents of children with epilepsy referred for presurgical evaluation in Sweden","volume":"53","author":"C Reilly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy & behavior"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2008.08.007","article-title":"Maternal depression: the cost of caring for a child with intractable epilepsy","volume":"39","author":"LJ Wood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatric neurology"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5455\/jbh.20140526121601","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of generalized anxiety disorder and depression among caregivers of children and adolescents with seizure disorders","volume":"3","author":"EO Babalola","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Behav Health"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.07.015","article-title":"Validity of the patient health questionnaire-9 for depression screening and diagnosis in East Africa","volume":"210","author":"B Gelaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry research"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.04.005","article-title":"Validation of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 in people with epilepsy: a MEPSY study.","volume":"35","author":"J-G Seo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref016","first-page":"32","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 3-item oslo social support scale among clinical students of Bayero University Kano, Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"T Abiola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.14581\/jer.20005","article-title":"Burden and its predictors among caregivers of patient with epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"R Pokharel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Epilepsy Research"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.29120\/ijpsw.2019.v10.i2.115","article-title":"Anxiety depression and quality of life among working married and unmarried women: a comparative study","volume":"10","author":"D Akhouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Psychiatric Social Work"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.5392\/JKCA.2012.12.11.225","article-title":"Relationship among perceived self-esteem, social support, and state anxiety in community-dwelling unmarried mother raising a child","volume":"12","author":"H-S Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of the Korea Contents Association"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.29","article-title":"Caregiving burden, stress, and health effects among family caregivers of adult cancer patients","volume":"307","author":"M Bevans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107269","article-title":"Stigma in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures","volume":"111","author":"I Karakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000534","article-title":"Representations of the caregiver\u2013child relationship and of the self, and emotion regulation in the narratives of young children whose mothers have borderline personality disorder","volume":"21","author":"J Macfie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development and psychopathology"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref023","first-page":"257","article-title":"Psychoactive substance consumption and awareness of health effects among students in tertiary institutions in Ekiti State, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"IO Akindutire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of emerging trends in educational research and policy studies"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref024","first-page":"146","article-title":"Flualprazolam: report of an outbreak of a new psychoactive substance in adolescents","author":"A Blumenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0345-x","article-title":"The prevalence and socio-demographic correlations of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students","volume":"43","author":"N Bayram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.08.004","article-title":"Patient and caregiver view on seizure detection devices: a survey study","volume":"41","author":"DFT Quiroga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780195328547.001.0001","volume-title":"Seizures and epilepsy:","author":"J Engel","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.12.019","article-title":"Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? The HUNT study","volume":"66","author":"I Bjelland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social science & medicine"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.09.011","article-title":"Patient and caregiver quality of life in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures compared to epileptic seizures","volume":"23","author":"I Karakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0231848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231848","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in caregiving burden experienced by family caregivers of persons with dementia: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"C Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6013-1","article-title":"Coping style and health-related quality of life in caregivers of epilepsy patients","volume":"258","author":"J van Andel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of neurology"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5958\/2394-2061.2015.00011.7","article-title":"A comparative study of care burden and social support among caregivers of persons with schizophrenia and epilepsy.","volume":"6","author":"N Karim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Journal of Psychiatry & Allied Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1398-z","article-title":"Barriers to epilepsy care in Central Uganda, a qualitative interview and focus group study involving PLWE and their caregivers","volume":"19","author":"M Kaddumukasa","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC neurology"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2006.11.005","article-title":"The association of depression and anxiety with medical symptom burden in patients with chronic medical illness","volume":"29","author":"W Katon","year":"2007","journal-title":"General hospital psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.1\/wkaton","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of depression in patients with chronic medical illness","volume":"13","author":"WJ Katon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues in clinical neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.4.573","article-title":"Long-term caregiving: what happens when it ends?","volume":"110","author":"S Robinson-Whelen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal psychology"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-020-00691-1","article-title":"Caregiver burden among informal caregivers in the largest specialized palliative care unit in Malaysia: a cross sectional study","volume":"19","author":"ZS Ahmad Zubaidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC palliative care"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-011-0132-6","article-title":"Perfectionism, coping, social support, and depression in maltreated adolescents.","volume":"30","author":"GL Flett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"pone.0271885.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2011.03868.x","article-title":"Association between social support and depression in the general population: the HUNT study, a cross\u2010sectional survey","volume":"21","author":"S Grav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of clinical nursing"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271885","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T13:34:19Z","timestamp":1658756059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271885"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Deleo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0271885","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]}}}