{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T17:09:10Z","timestamp":1789232950915,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in the world and is a serious problem. In the case of cardiopulmonary arrest due to myocardial infarction, the survival rate is as low as 13.3% one month after resuscitation, which birthed the need for continuous heart monitoring. In this study, we develop a Ballistocardiogram (BCG) measurement system using a load cell installed on a chair and a heart rate estimation algorithm that is robust to waveform changes, with the aim of constructing a non-contact heart rate acquisition system. The proposed system was evaluated by utilizing data obtained from 13 healthy subjects and 1 subject with abnormal ECG who were simultaneously measured with ECG. The output of the BCG system was confirmed to change with the same period as the ECG data obtained as the correct answer, and the synchronization of the R-peak positions was confirmed for all cases. As a result of comparing the heart rate intervals estimated from BCG and those obtained from ECG, it was confirmed that the same heart rate variability (HRV) features could be obtained even for abnormal ECG subject.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T17:39:31Z","timestamp":1659116371000},"page":"e0272072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Contactless continuous heart rate monitoring system using ballistocardiography"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9934-4708","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian","family":"Sumali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasue","family":"Mitsukura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3679-9478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0272072.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2018."},{"key":"pone.0272072.ref002","unstructured":"Japan Fire and Disaster Management Agency, 2017."},{"key":"pone.0272072.ref003","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, 2018."},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0272072.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.06.79","article-title":"Apple Watch, Wearables, and Heart Rhythm: where do we stand?","volume":"7","author":"J. 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Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272072.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13755-019-0071-7","article-title":"Ballistocardiogram signal processing: a review","volume":"7","author":"I. Sadek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Information Science and Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272072.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2825020","article-title":"Noncontact In-Bed Measurements of Physiological and Behavioral Signals Using an Integrated Fabric-Sheet Sensing Scheme","volume":"23","author":"M. Takano","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272072.ref010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unobtrusive estimation of cardiovascular parameters with limb ballistocardiography","volume":"19","author":"Y. 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