{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T05:35:43Z","timestamp":1783229743709,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Advances in climate change research contribute to improved forecasts of hydrological extremes with potentially severe impacts on human societies and natural landscapes. Rainfall erosivity density (RED), i.e. rainfall erosivity (MJ mm hm<jats:sup>-2<\/jats:sup> h<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> yr<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>) per rainfall unit (mm), is a measure of rainstorm aggressiveness and a proxy indicator of damaging hydrological events.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Here, using downscaled RED data from 3,625 raingauges worldwide and log-normal ordinary kriging with probability mapping, we identify damaging hydrological hazard-prone areas that exceed warning and alert thresholds (1.5 and 3.0 MJ hm<jats:sup>-2<\/jats:sup> h<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>, respectively). Applying exceedance probabilities in a geographical information system shows that, under current climate conditions, hazard-prone areas exceeding a 50% probability cover ~31% and ~19% of the world\u2019s land at warning and alert states, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>RED is identified as a key driver behind the spatial growth of environmental disruption worldwide (with tropical Latin America, South Africa, India and the Indian Archipelago most affected).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T17:24:32Z","timestamp":1661361872000},"page":"e0272161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Global assessment of storm disaster-prone areas"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nazzareno","family":"Diodato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1484-2738","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Panos","family":"Panagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Bellocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0272161.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0609-3","article-title":"Towards more predictive and interdisciplinary climate change ecosystem experiments.","volume":"9","author":"F Rineau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"key":"pone.0272161.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00732-4","article-title":"Scientific evidence for ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction.","volume":"4","author":"K Sudmeier-Rieux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"key":"pone.0272161.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2019.04.004","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal distribution of rainfall erosivity, erosivity density and correlation with El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation in the Huaihe River Basin, China.","volume":"52","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol Inform"},{"key":"pone.0272161.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58638-8","article-title":"Fine-grained climate velocities reveal vulnerability of protected areas to climate change.","volume":"10","author":"RK Heikkinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0272161.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04282-8","article-title":"Global rainfall erosivity assessment based on high-temporal resolution rainfall records.","volume":"7","author":"P Panagos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0272161.ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regionalization of soil and water conservation aimed at ecosystem services improvement.","volume":"10","author":"X Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0272161.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61533-x","article-title":"Floods and rivers: a circular causality perspective.","volume":"10","author":"G Sofia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0272161.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2021.1918696","article-title":"Reconstruction of erosivity density in northwest Italy since 1701.","volume":"66","author":"N Diodato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol Sci J"},{"key":"pone.0272161.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3110","article-title":"Observed heavy precipitation increase confirms theory and early models.","volume":"6","author":"EM Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"key":"pone.0272161.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab1c8e","article-title":"Intensification of precipitation extremes in the world\u2019s humid and water-limited regions","volume":"14","author":"MG Donat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"pone.0272161.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability.","volume":"10","author":"H. 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