{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T22:57:10Z","timestamp":1756076230483,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003669","name":"Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-ER6308-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-ER6308-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003669","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Exposure to air pollution (AP) is an important environmental risk factor for increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and triggering acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there are limited data regarding the clinical impact of AP on long-term major clinical outcomes of AMI patients. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of ambient AP concentration on short-term and 1-year clinical outcomes of AMI patients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 46,263 eligible patients were enrolled in the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction (KAMIR) and KAMIR-National Institutes of Health (NIH) registry from January 2006 to December 2015. We performed Cox proportional hazard regression to assess the risk of all-cause death and any-revascularization according to the annual average concentration of AP during one-year follow-up period.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The assessment of the annual average of air pollutants before symptom date and all-cause death up to 30 days showed the hazard ratio (HR) of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> per 1 part per billion (ppb) increase was 1.084 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.016\u20131.157), and particulate matter with diameter of 10 microns or less (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) per 1 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> increase was 1.011 (95% CI: 1.002\u20131.021). The results of the 30-day and one-year all-cause death showed a similar trend. For SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, the HR per 1 ppb increase was 1.084 (95% CI: 1.003\u20131.172), and the HR of PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> was 1.021 (95% CI: 1.009\u20131.033) per 1 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> increase. We observed that SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, CO, and PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> were associated with an increased risk of incidence for any-revascularization up to one-year.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In some air pollutants, a higher AP concentration was an environmental risk factor for poor prognosis in AMI patients up to 1 year. AMI patients and high-risk individuals need a strategy to reduce or prevent exposure to high AP concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T18:51:57Z","timestamp":1659379917000},"page":"e0272328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of air pollution and 1-year clinical outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Se Yeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9456-9852","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seung-Woon","family":"Rha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinah","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Kyeong","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byoung Geol","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myung ho","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of The Korea Acute Myocardial Infraction Registry study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0272328.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. WHO, 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health\/. Accessed November 23, 2020. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/airpollution\/en\/: WHO; [August 23]. WHO."},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"pone.0272328.ref002","first-page":"5","article-title":"The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study. Part II: Morbidity and mortality from air pollution in the United States.","volume":"94","author":"JM Samet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272328.ref003","first-page":"243","article-title":"A systematic review of the relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases.","volume":"23","author":"H Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"issue":"10082","key":"pone.0272328.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"AJ Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0272328.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.099","article-title":"Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"72","author":"S Rajagopalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0272328.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.23.2810","article-title":"Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction","volume":"103","author":"A Peters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272328.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000082046.22919.72","article-title":"Air pollution and myocardial infarction in Rome: a case-crossover analysis.","volume":"14","author":"D D\u2019Ippoliti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272328.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease","volume":"109","author":"CA Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272328.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20827","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020827","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality due to cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease in Shenyang, China.","volume":"6","author":"P Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272328.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00671-1","article-title":"Incident cardiovascular disease and particulate matter air pollution in South Korea using a population-based and nationwide cohort of 0.2 million adults.","volume":"19","author":"OJ Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272328.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2015.09.003","article-title":"Long-term traffic air and noise pollution in relation to mortality and hospital readmission among myocardial infarction survivors","volume":"219","author":"C Tonne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272328.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12755","article-title":"Air pollution and short-term clinical outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction.","volume":"44","author":"MW Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0272328.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.822791","article-title":"Triple versus dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"119","author":"KY Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272328.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2004001100009","article-title":"Temperature, air pollution, and mortality from myocardial infarction in Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"37","author":"R Sharovsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272328.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000219722.25569.0f","article-title":"Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and myocardial infarction.","volume":"17","author":"M Rosenlund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272328.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9201","article-title":"Particulate air pollution, progression, and survival after myocardial infarction","volume":"115","author":"A Zanobetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0272328.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs480","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with survival following acute coronary syndrome","volume":"34","author":"C Tonne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272328.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.033","article-title":"Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Mortality From Myocardial Infarction","volume":"77","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0272328.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548743","article-title":"Ambient air pollution is associated with increased risk of hospital cardiac readmissions of myocardial infarction survivors in five European cities","volume":"112","author":"S von Klot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272328.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(02)00808-4","article-title":"The association of daily sulfur dioxide air pollution levels with hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Europe (The Aphea-II study).","volume":"24","author":"J Sunyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272328.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.037978","article-title":"Air pollution and cardiovascular admissions association in Spain: results within the EMECAS project.","volume":"60","author":"F Ballester","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0272328.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.175018","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on the incidence of myocardial infarction","volume":"95","author":"K Bhaskaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272328.ref023","article-title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution: A Population-Based Study With 900 845","volume":"6","author":"H Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Person-Years of Follow-up. J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272328.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57003","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5818","article-title":"Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Myocardial Infarction: A Danish Nurse Cohort Study","volume":"128","author":"J Cramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272328.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12380","article-title":"A time-to-event analysis on air pollutants with the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 84 cohort studies.","volume":"13","author":"R Pranata","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0272328.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"RD Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272328.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103898","article-title":"Reducing personal exposure to particulate air pollution improves cardiovascular health in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"120","author":"JP Langrish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272328.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013611","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013611","article-title":"Combined Effects of Physical Activity and Air Pollution on Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"9","author":"SR Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"A Population-Based Study. J Am Heart Assoc"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T18:52:29Z","timestamp":1659379949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272328"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"R. Jay","family":"Widmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272328","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}}}