{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:04:17Z","timestamp":1792188257756,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007516","name":"National Park Service","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Prairie Wildlife Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014511","name":"Northern Research Station","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007235","name":"Colorado State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Lower Brule Indian Reservation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001399","name":"World Wildlife Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007430","name":"National Fish and Wildlife Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007430","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Plague, a widely distributed zoonotic disease of mammalian hosts and flea vectors, poses a significant risk to ecosystems throughout much of Earth. Conservation biologists use insecticides for flea control and plague mitigation. Here, we evaluate the use of an insecticide grain bait, laced with 0.005% fipronil (FIP) by weight, with black-tailed prairie dogs (BTPDs, <jats:italic>Cynomys ludovicianus<\/jats:italic>). We consider safety measures, flea control, BTPD body condition, BTPD survival, efficacy of plague mitigation, and the speed of FIP grain application vs. infusing BTPD burrows with insecticide dusts. We also explore conservation implications for endangered black-footed ferrets (<jats:italic>Mustela nigripes<\/jats:italic>), which are specialized predators of <jats:italic>Cynomys<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During 5- and 10-day laboratory trials in Colorado, USA, 2016\u20132017, FIP grain had no detectable acute toxic effect on 20 BTPDs that readily consumed the grain. During field experiments in South Dakota, USA, 2016\u20132020, FIP grain suppressed fleas on BTPDs for at least 12 months and up to 24 months in many cases; short-term flea control on a few sites was poor for unknown reasons. In an area of South Dakota where plague circulation appeared low or absent, FIP grain had no detectable effect, positive or negative, on BTPD survival. Experimental results suggest FIP grain may have improved BTPD body condition (mass:foot) and reproduction (juveniles:adults). During a 2019 plague epizootic in Colorado, BTPDs on 238 ha habitat were protected by FIP grain, whereas BTPDs were nearly eliminated on non-treated habitat. Applications of FIP grain were 2\u20134 times faster than dusting BTPD burrows.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Deltamethrin dust is the most commonly used insecticide for plague mitigation on <jats:italic>Cynomys<\/jats:italic> colonies. Fleas on BTPD colonies exhibit the ability to evolve resistance to deltamethrin after repeated annual treatments. Thus, more tools are needed. Accumulating data show orally-delivered FIP is safe and usually effective for flea control with BTPDs, though potential acute toxic effects cannot be ruled out. With continued study and refinement, FIP might be used in rotation with, or even replace deltamethrin, and serve an important role in <jats:italic>Cynomys<\/jats:italic> and black-footed ferret conservation. More broadly, our stepwise approach to research on FIP may function as a template or guide for evaluations of insecticides in the context of wildlife conservation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T17:27:46Z","timestamp":1659979666000},"page":"e0272419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Assembling a safe and effective toolbox for integrated flea control and plague mitigation: Fipronil experiments with prairie dogs"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4247-017X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Eads","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9092-7499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Travis","family":"Livieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Tretten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Kaczor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Halsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Grassel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Dobesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddie","family":"Childers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8085-5687","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna Catherine","family":"Grady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Biggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0272419.ref001","article-title":"Plague reservoir species throughout the world","author":"A Mahmoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integrative Zoology"},{"key":"pone.0272419.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2001)082<0906:IOIPON>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influences of introduced plague on North American mammals: implications from ecology of plague in Asia","volume":"82","author":"DE Biggins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"pone.0272419.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12498","article-title":"Plague bacterium as a transformer species in prairie dogs and the grasslands of western North America","volume":"29","author":"DA Eads","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"pone.0272419.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817339116","article-title":"Living with plague: Lessons from the Soviet Union\u2019s antiplague system","volume":"116","author":"SD Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0272419.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.04.393","article-title":"Plague: bridging gaps towards better disease control","volume":"48","author":"E D\u2019ortenzio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses"},{"key":"pone.0272419.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz248","article-title":"An evaluation of the flea index as a predictor of plague epizootics in the West Nile Region of Uganda","volume":"57","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"pone.0272419.ref007","first-page":"533","volume-title":"Veterinary Toxicology","author":"RC Gupta","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0272419.ref008","unstructured":"Borchert JN, Poch\u00e9 RM, inventors; Scimetrics Ltd Corp, assignee. 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Data on black-tailed prairie dog body condition, annual and monthly survival, and reproduction on sites treated or not treated with 0.005% fipronil grain for flea control and plague mitigation in South Dakota, USA, 2017\u20132020. U.S. Geological Survey data release. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P9QTWGP4."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272419","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T17:28:28Z","timestamp":1659979708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272419"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Heike","family":"Lutermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272419","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]}}}