{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:51:19Z","timestamp":1792889479069,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI144521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI144521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1023220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1023220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Endoparasitism is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in alpacas (\n                    <jats:italic>Lama pacos<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), with growing emergence of anthelmintic resistance. The purpose of the study was to correlate nematode worm burden and selected host phenotypic characteristics, such as age and weight, with the composition of the intestinal microbiota of adult alpacas. Fecal samples were collected per rectum from 102 healthy adult (2.1\u201311.2 years) alpacas at 3 separate timepoints (pre- and post-treatment with 8.8 mg\/kg oral Levamisole HCL, and 4.6 months later) at a single farm. The profile of the fecal bacterial microbiota was characterized using 16S amplicon sequencing. Serial clinical exams and fecal egg counts were compared using related-samples analyses. The fecal microbiota of identically managed, healthy alpacas was characterized by a high level of temporal stability, as both \u03b1 and \u03b2-diversity significantly correlated between sampling timepoints. Pairwise \u03b2-diversity between samples collected at each timepoint was low, ranging from 0.16\u20130.21 UniFrac distance units. The intensity of strongylid nematode infection (including\n                    <jats:italic>Haemonchus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ostertagia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Trichostrongylus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was only significantly correlated with microbiota composition in samples collected 14 days after treatment with levamisole. Analysis of similarity revealed no clustering of microbiota from anthelmintic responders or non-responders. Alpaca age explained the largest proportion of fecal microbiota variation and was the only consistently significant predictor of fecal microbiota taxonomic composition, by impacting the ratio of relative Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes abundance. Firmicutes, mostly Clostridiales, was the most abundant taxon across all collections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T13:33:22Z","timestamp":1661434402000},"page":"e0272556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The association between fecal microbiota, age and endoparasitism in adult alpacas"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Bedenice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Resnick-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Bookbinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Trautwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah N.","family":"Creasey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7255-3761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Widmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0272556.ref001","unstructured":"Assocation AO. [cited 2022 May 24]. Available from: https:\/\/www.alpacainfo.com\/about\/statistics\/alpacas-worldwide."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0272556.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.08.001","article-title":"Drug resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance: a status report","volume":"20","author":"RM Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends in parasitology"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"pone.0272556.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.10.007","article-title":"A journey through 50 years of research relevant to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminant livestock and thoughts on future directions","volume":"51","author":"JS Gilleard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020062","article-title":"Increasing importance of anthelmintic resistance in European livestock: creation and meta-analysis of an open database","volume":"27","author":"H Rose Vineer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0272556.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.01.001","article-title":"A novel approach for combining the use of in vitro and in vivo data to measure and detect emerging moxidectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of goats","volume":"37","author":"RM Kaplan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0272556.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.12.1913","article-title":"Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the southeastern United States","volume":"233","author":"SB Howell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272556.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1983.34999","article-title":"A Survey of Nematode Control Measures Used by Milking Goat Farmers and of Anthelmintic Resistance on Their Farms","volume":"31","author":"PR Kettle","year":"1983","journal-title":"New Zeal Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272556.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(87)90103-8","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance and the future for roundworm control","volume":"25","author":"PJ Waller","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"pone.0272556.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.10.003","article-title":"Doramectin resistance in Haemonchus contortus on an alpaca farm in Belgium","volume":"185","author":"C Sarre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veterinary parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272556.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3588-3","article-title":"Current anthelmintic treatment is not always effective at controlling strongylid infections in German alpaca herds","volume":"12","author":"L Kultscher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272556.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2949-7","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Australia","volume":"11","author":"MH Rashid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.01.017","article-title":"Harnessing the gut microbiome in the fight against anthelminthic drug resistance","volume":"53","author":"TJ Sharpton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03334","article-title":"Bacterial Communities in the Alpaca Gastrointestinal Tract Vary With Diet and Body Site","volume":"9","author":"C Carroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272556.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13442","article-title":"Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate","volume":"105","author":"R Chao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272556.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02579.x","article-title":"Molecular diversity of the foregut bacteria community in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"13","author":"AA Samsudin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272556.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2014.09.004","article-title":"In-depth diversity analysis of the bacterial community resident in the camel rumen","volume":"38","author":"J Gharechahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00843","article-title":"Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens","volume":"9","author":"JM Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref018","volume-title":"Veterinary Clinical Parasitology","author":"A Zajac","year":"2012","edition":"8"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.07.013","article-title":"The use of the larval development assay for predicting the in vivo efficacy of levamisole against Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis","volume":"260","author":"A Ruffell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272556.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.02.003","article-title":"Ecto- and endoparasites of new world camelids","volume":"25","author":"LR Ballweber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0272556.ref021","first-page":"e01408","article-title":"Probiotic product enhances susceptibility of mice to cryptosporidiosis","volume":"84","author":"BCM Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-371","article-title":"UniFrac\u2014an online tool for comparing microbial community diversity in a phylogenetic context","volume":"7","author":"C Lozupone","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0272556.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"PD Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0272556.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts460","article-title":"GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research\u2014an update","volume":"28","author":"R Peakall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272556.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphereDirect.00073-17","article-title":"OptiClust, an Improved Method for Assigning Amplicon-Based Sequence Data to Operational Taxonomic Units","volume":"2","author":"SL Westcott","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref026","volume-title":"CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user\u2019s guide: software for canonical community ordination (version 4.5)","author":"Braak Ct","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525575","volume-title":"Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology","author":"RHG Jongman","year":"1995"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"pone.0272556.ref028","first-page":"D590","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272556.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"N Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0272556.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","article-title":"Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy","volume":"73","author":"Q Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272556.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x","article-title":"Non-parametric Multivariate Analyses of Changes in Community Structure","volume":"18","author":"KR Clarke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust J Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272556.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0230148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230148","article-title":"The fecal microbiota of healthy donor horses and geriatric recipients undergoing fecal microbial transplantation for the treatment of diarrhea","volume":"15","author":"CA McKinney","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272556.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0244381","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244381","article-title":"Assessment of clinical and microbiota responses to fecal microbial transplantation in adult horses with diarrhea","volume":"16","author":"CA McKinney","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0272556.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01689-6","article-title":"High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals the Gut Microbiome of the Bactrian Camel in Different Ages","volume":"76","author":"J He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272556.ref035","first-page":"253","article-title":"Effects of levamisole on pregnancy in ewes","volume":"51","author":"SM Pancarci","year":"2007","journal-title":"B Vet I Pulawy"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2019.01.018","article-title":"Equine Fecal Microbiota Changes Associated With Anthelmintic Administration","volume":"77","author":"IGZ Kunz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272556.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.02.003","article-title":"Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses","volume":"49","author":"N Walshe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0272556.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108607","article-title":"Gut microbial signatures associated with moxidectin treatment efficacy of Haemonchus contortus in infected goats","volume":"242","author":"F Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272556.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0462-4","article-title":"Microbiome analysis as a platform R&D tool for parasitic nematode disease management","volume":"13","author":"G Hogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272556.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06237-6","article-title":"Worm burdens and associated histopathological changes caused by gastrointestinal nematodes in alpacas from Australia","volume":"118","author":"MH Rashid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272556.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87424","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087424","article-title":"Characterisation of the faecal bacterial community in adult and elderly horses fed a high fibre, high oil or high starch diet using 454 pyrosequencing","volume":"9","author":"K Dougal","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272556.ref042","article-title":"The Equine Faecal Microbiota of Healthy Horses and Ponies in The Netherlands: Impact of Host and Environmental Factors","volume":"11","author":"MJP Theelen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272556","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T13:34:32Z","timestamp":1661434472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272556"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Bambou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272556","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]}}}