{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:26:14Z","timestamp":1790187974924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>River Yamuna is one of the most sacred major tributaries of river Ganga. This study aimed to assess the level of heavy metals in monsoon and non-monsoon season in river Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh, India and to assess the possible source of contamination and its associated health risk. Except for iron (Fe), the mean levels of all metals were within drinking water safe limits in both seasons. Except for chromium (Cr), lower values were observed for other metals in the monsoon season could be attributed dilution effect. Multivariate analysis indicated that both geogenic and anthropogenic sources contribute to heavy metals in river Yamuna in monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. The health risk in terms of hazard index (HI) and fuzzy-logic hazard index (FHI) demonstrated that both HI and FHI values among children exceeded the safe limit in most of the sites in non-monsoon seasons and in few in monsoon season. For adults, HI and FHI values were within safe limit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T17:32:03Z","timestamp":1659979923000},"page":"e0272562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Heavy metal contamination in the complete stretch of Yamuna river: A fuzzy logic approach for comprehensive health risk assessment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Maneesh","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayuri","family":"Chabukdhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5115-135X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind Kumar","family":"Nema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakir","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8332-7927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tabarak","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0272562.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3346-1","article-title":"Statistical, time series, and fractal analysis of full stretch of river Yamuna (India) for water quality management.","volume":"22","author":"K Parmar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Enviro Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"pone.0272562.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7312-8","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of water quality status for the entire stretch of Yamuna River, India","volume":"191","author":"M Jaiswal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"pone.0272562.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2019.100291","article-title":"Human health risk assessment of fluoride-rich groundwater using fuzzy-analytical process over the conventional technique.","volume":"10","author":"VL Mohanta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Groundwater Sustain Devel"},{"key":"pone.0272562.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.7773\/cm.v40i1.2318","article-title":"Cu, Pb, and Zn content in sediments and benthic organisms from San Jorge Bay (northern Chile): accumulation and biotransference in subtidal coastal systems.","volume":"40","author":"J Vald\u00e9s","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cienc Marinas"},{"key":"pone.0272562.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the environment.","volume":"101","author":"PB Tchounwou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Clin Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0272562.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643972","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972","article-title":"Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic.","volume":"12","author":"M Balali-Mood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0272562.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09354-3","article-title":"Toxic heavy metals: impact on the environment and human health, and treatment with conducting organic polymers, a review.","volume":"27","author":"ML Sall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"pone.0272562.ref008","article-title":"Biosensors for determination of heavy metals in waters. 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