{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:26:35Z","timestamp":1767180395305,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG among health care workers (HCWs) is crucial to inform infection control programs. Conflicting reports have emerged on the longevity of SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Our objective is to describe the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in HCWs and perform 8 months longitudinal follow-up (FU) to assess the duration of detectable IgG. In addition, we aim to explore the risk factors associated with positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG. The study was conducted at a large COVID-19 public hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All HCWs were recruited by social media platform. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen was used. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine association between IgG seropositive status and clinical and epidemiological factors. A total of 2528 (33% of the 7737 eligible HCWs) participated in the survey and 2523 underwent baseline serological testing in June 2020. The largest occupation groups sampled were nurses [n = 1351(18%)], physicians [n = 456 (6%)], administrators [n = 277 (3.6%)], allied HCWs [n = 205(3%)], pharmacists [n = 95(1.2%)], respiratory therapists [n = 40(0.5%)], infection control staff [n = 21(0.27%], and others [n = 83 (1%)]. The total cohort median age was 36 (31\u201343) years and 66.3% were females. 273 were IgG seropositive at baseline with a seroprevalence of 10.8% 95% CI (9.6%-12.1%). 165\/185 and 44\/112 were persistently IgG positive, at 2\u20133 months and 6 months FU respectively. The median (25\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2013 75\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    percentile) IgG level at the 3 different time points was 5.86 (3.57\u20137.04), 3.91 (2.46\u20135.38), 2.52 (1.80\u20133.99) respectively. Respiratory therapists OR 2.38, (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.035), and those with hypertension OR = 1.86, (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.009) were more likely to be seropositive. A high proportion of seropositive staff had prior symptoms 214\/273(78%), prior anosmia was associated with the presence of antibodies, with an odds ratio of 9.25 (P&lt;0.001), as well as fever and cough. Being a non-smoker, non-Saudi, and previously diagnosed with COVID-19 infection by PCR were statistically significantly different by seroprevalence status. We found that the seroprevalence of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen was 10.8% in HCWs at the peak of the pandemic in Saudi Arabia. We also observed a decreasing temporal trend of IgG seropositivity over 8 months follow up period.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T13:42:20Z","timestamp":1660311740000},"page":"e0272818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seroprevalence and longevity of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen-IgG among health care workers in a large COVID-19 public hospital in Saudi Arabia: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5695-6808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Faisal","family":"Alasmari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mukahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaa Ashraf","family":"Alqurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molla","family":"Huq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Alabdrabalnabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"AlJurayyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shymaa Moshobab","family":"Alkahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Salem","family":"Assari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahaf","family":"Bashaweeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solaf","family":"Aldera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ohud Mohammed","family":"Alkinani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talal","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kholoud","family":"AlEnizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imad","family":"Tleyjeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0272818.ref001","volume-title":"Saudi Arabia","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0272818.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.03.018","article-title":"Serological assays for emerging coronaviruses: Challenges and pitfalls","volume":"194","author":"B Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272818.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05926-8","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Among Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Academic Hospital in New York City","volume":"35","author":"M Mansour","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"10246","key":"pone.0272818.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31484-7","article-title":"Pandemic peak SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroconversion rates in London frontline health-care workers","volume":"396","author":"CF Houlihan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272818.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0949-6","article-title":"Seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in China","volume":"26","author":"X Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272818.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.067","article-title":"High SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients","volume":"81","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0272818.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026116","article-title":"Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland","volume":"383","author":"DF Gudbjartsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6521","key":"pone.0272818.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd7728","article-title":"Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months","volume":"370","author":"A Wajnberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0272818.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00813-8","article-title":"Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans","volume":"5","author":"J Seow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat MicrobiolDec"},{"issue":"7821","key":"pone.0272818.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","article-title":"Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals","volume":"584","author":"DF Robbiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272818.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa659","article-title":"Longitudinal Serological Analysis and Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Convalescent Patients","volume":"223","author":"F Muecksch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"pone.0272818.ref012","first-page":"104512","article-title":"Performance of six SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays in comparison with microneutralisation","volume":"129","author":"AJ J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272818.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00941","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00941-20","article-title":"Performance Characteristics of the Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG Assay and Seroprevalence in Boise, Idaho","volume":"58","author":"A Bryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0272818.ref014","article-title":"Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection","author":"JM Dan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"pone.0272818.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.11.008","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"P Galanis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272818.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.06.025","article-title":"Medical Vulnerability of Young Adults to Severe COVID-19 Illness-Data from the National Health Interview Survey","volume":"67","author":"SH Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272818.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000688","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00688-2020","article-title":"ACE-2 expression in the small airway epithelia of smokers and COPD patients: implications for COVID-19","volume":"55","author":"JM Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272818.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11160","article-title":"Hospital-Wide SARS-CoV-2 antibody screening in 3056 staff in a tertiary center in belgium","volume":"324","author":"D Steensels","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272818.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa582","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa582","article-title":"Seroprevalence and correlates of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in health care workers in chicago","volume":"8","author":"JT Wilkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272818.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.1220","article-title":"Seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among Veterans affairs healthcare system employees suggests higher risk of infection when exposed to SARS-CoV-2 outside the work environment","volume":"42","author":"DE Dimcheff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272818.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.1309","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and persistence of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibodies in 4,607 French healthcare workers: Comparison with European countries","volume":"42","author":"C Delmas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0272818.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.18796","article-title":"Change in Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Over 60 Days Among Health Care Personnel in Nashville, Tennessee","volume":"324","author":"MM Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272818.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30943-9","article-title":"Persistence of IgG response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"21","author":"E Duysburgh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272818.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e699","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab004","article-title":"The Duration, dynamics, and determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses in individual healthcare workers","volume":"73","author":"SF Lumley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272818.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab015","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab015","article-title":"Prevalence and longevity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among health care workers","volume":"8","author":"M Brant-Zawadzki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272818.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa696","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and antibody kinetics among health care workers in a Spanish hospital after 3 months of follow-up","volume":"223","author":"G Moncunill","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272818.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab295","article-title":"Naturally acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity persists for up to 11 months following infection","volume":"224","author":"V D De Giorgi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272818.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"26","author":"QX Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272818.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1791738","article-title":"High neutralizing antibody titer in intensive care unit patients with COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"L Liu","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272818.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30196-1","article-title":"Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study","volume":"20","author":"KKW To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272818.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.004","article-title":"Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 serological assays enable surveillance of low-prevalence communities and reveal durable humoral immunity","volume":"53","author":"TJ Ripperger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305375","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272818","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T13:43:00Z","timestamp":1660311780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272818"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Asep K.","family":"Supriatna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272818","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]}}}