{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:49:52Z","timestamp":1788324592685,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434 \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-57-45008\u2013IND_a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-57-45008\u2013IND_a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology","award":["INTRUSRFBR382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INTRUSRFBR382"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSF-DST 22-45-02007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSF-DST 22-45-02007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study investigated the features of cross-cultural recognition of four basic emotions \u201cjoy\u2013neutral (calm state)\u2013sad\u2013anger\u201d in the spontaneous and acting speech of Indian and Russian children aged 8\u201312 years across Russian and Tamil languages. The research tasks were to examine the ability of Russian and Indian experts to recognize the state of Russian and Indian children by their speech, determine the acoustic features of correctly recognized speech samples, and specify the influence of the expert\u2019s language on the cross-cultural recognition of the emotional states of children. The study includes a perceptual auditory study by listeners and instrumental spectrographic analysis of child speech. Different accuracy and agreement between Russian and Indian experts were shown in recognizing the emotional states of Indian and Russian children by their speech, with more accurate recognition of the emotional state of children in their native language, in acting speech vs spontaneous speech. Both groups of experts recognize the state of anger via acting speech with the high agreement. The difference between the groups of experts was in the definition of joy, sadness, and neutral states depending on the test material with a different agreement. Speech signals with emphasized differences in acoustic patterns were more accurately classified by experts as belonging to emotions of different activation. The data showed that, despite the universality of basic emotions, on the one hand, the cultural environment affects their expression and perception, on the other hand, there are universal non-linguistic acoustic features of the voice that allow us to identify emotions via speech.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T18:45:15Z","timestamp":1676486715000},"page":"e0272837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The children\u2019s emotional speech recognition by adults: Cross-cultural study on Russian and Tamil language"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6073-0393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elena","family":"Lyakso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1695-3618","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nersisson","family":"Ruban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Frolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary A.","family":"Mekala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0272837.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2209-0","volume-title":"Human emotions.:","author":"K. Izard","year":"1977"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref002","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Nebraska Symposium on Motivation","author":"P Ekman","year":"1972"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/0470013494.ch3","volume-title":"Handbook of cognition and emotion","author":"P. Ekman","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272837.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.2.203","article-title":"On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis","volume":"128","author":"HA Elfenbein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272837.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908239106","article-title":"Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations","volume":"107","author":"DA Sauter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272837.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073919897295","article-title":"Cross-cultural emotion recognition and in-group advantage in vocal expression: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"P Laukka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10001-000","volume-title":"The Expression of the emotions in man and animals","author":"Darwin Ch","year":"1872"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118910566","volume-title":"Emotion recognition: A pattern analysis approach..:","author":"A Konar","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118706664","volume-title":"Computational paralinguistics: Emotion, affect and personality in speech and language processing","author":"B Schuller","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/SNSP.2018.00081","volume-title":"2018 International Conference on Sensor Networks and Signal Processing (SNSP)","author":"U Jain","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref011","article-title":"What do we hear in the voice? An open-ended judgment study of emotional speech prosody","author":"HA Elfenbein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref012","first-page":"597","article-title":"More than accuracy: Nonverbal dialects modulate the time course of vocal emotion recognition across cultures","volume":"41","author":"X Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272837.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4945094","article-title":"Effects of age on speech and voice quality ratings","volume":"139","author":"H Goy","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00882","article-title":"Gender differences in the recognition of vocal emotions","volume":"9","author":"A Lausen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26889-1","article-title":"The development of cross-cultural recognition of vocal emotion during childhood and adolescence","volume":"8","author":"G Chronaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272837.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000692","article-title":"Changes in vocal emotion recognition across the life span","volume":"21","author":"M Amorim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272837.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027256","article-title":"On the time course of vocal emotion recognition","volume":"6","author":"MD Pell","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272837.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1163\/156770908X289242","article-title":"Vocal emotion recognition across disparate cultures","volume":"8","author":"GA Bryant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Culture"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272837.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000580","article-title":"Cultural norms influence nonverbal emotion communication: Japanese vocalizations of socially disengaging emotions","volume":"20","author":"M Yoshie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272837.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000100","article-title":"The voice conveys emotion in ten globalized cultures and one remote village in Bhutan","volume":"16","author":"DT Cordaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref021","first-page":"407","article-title":"Decoding speech prosody in five languages","volume":"158","author":"WF Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semiotica"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272837.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170912","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170912","article-title":"Emotion appraisal dimensions inferred from vocal expressions are consistent across cultures: A comparison between Australia and India","volume":"4","author":"H Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073912451332","article-title":"Nonverbal dialects and accents in facial expressions of emotion","volume":"5","author":"HA Elfenbein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272837.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2307\/2053325","article-title":"Circulation and the historical geography of Tamil country","volume":"37","author":"B Stein","year":"1977","journal-title":"The Journal of Asian Studies"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETECT.2011.5760251","volume-title":"2011 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer Technology","author":"SR Mohamed","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272837.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.30534\/ijatcse\/2020\/91912020","article-title":"Approbation of a method for studying the reflection of emotional state in children\u2019s speech and pilot psychophysiological experimental data","volume":"9","author":"EE Lyakso","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272837.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.1.74","article-title":"Recognizing emotions in spoken language: A validated set of Portuguese sentences and pseudo sentences for research on emotional prosody","volume":"42","author":"SL Castro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2015_408","article-title":"Deconstructing anger in the human brain","volume":"30","author":"G Gilam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Topics in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref029","volume-title":"Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There","author":"L. Carrol","year":"1872"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref030","unstructured":"http:\/\/languagehat.com\/glokaya-kuzdra"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref031","volume-title":"The Tenth Rasa: An Anthology of Indian Nonsense","author":"M Heyman","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23132-7_25","article-title":"Emotion state manifestation in voice features: Chimpanzees, human Infants, children, adults","volume":"9319","author":"E Lyakso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref033","first-page":"266","volume-title":"Handbook of Research on Deep Learning-Based Image Analysis Under Constrained and Unconstrained Environments\u2014Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics","author":"E Lyakso","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref034","unstructured":"Praat v. 6.1.42 (https:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva.nl\/praat\/)"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref035","first-page":"220","volume-title":"Handbook of emotions","author":"T Johnstone","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272837.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930126095","article-title":"The contribution of speech rate and pitch variation to the perception of vocal emotions in a German and an American sample","volume":"15","author":"C Breitenstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78503-5_6","volume-title":"Clinical Text Mining","author":"H. Dalianis","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref038","first-page":"259","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability of actual tagged emotion categories validation using Cohen\u2019s Kappa coefficient","volume":"95","author":"NR Md Juremi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref039","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Proceedings of recent advances in natural language processing","author":"V. Bobicev","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272837.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.812033","article-title":"Uskul AK Cross-cultural emotional prosody recognition: Evidence from Chinese and British listeners","volume":"28","author":"S Paulmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272837.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2017.1285983","article-title":"Neurobiology of emotions: an update","volume":"29","author":"V Esperidi\u00e3o-Antonio","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-558701-3.50018-1","volume-title":"Emotion: Theory, research and experience","author":"JR Averill","year":"1980"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2017.06.002","article-title":"Emotion, age, and gender classification in children\u2019s speech by humans and machines","volume":"46","author":"H Kaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(91)90019-K","article-title":"Children\u2019s understanding of emotion from facial expressions and situations: A review","volume":"11","author":"AL Gross","year":"1991","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272837.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06168.x","article-title":"The development of display rule knowledge: Linkages with family expressiveness and social competence","volume":"69","author":"DC Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref047","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Knowledge structures in close relationships: a social psychological approach","author":"B Fehr","year":"1996","edition":"1"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272837.ref048","first-page":"143","article-title":"Explaining the bases and fundamentals of anger: A literature review","volume":"1","author":"AM Shahsavarani","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272837.ref049","article-title":"The Purananuru and the Tamil concept of valour.","volume":"1","author":"N. Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bharatiya Pragna: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Indian Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272837.ref050","first-page":"010","article-title":"Ageless nature of anger expression in Tamil culture","volume":"8","author":"RP Haran","year":"2020","journal-title":"The International Journal of Indian Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272837.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001021","article-title":"And they all lived unhappily ever after: Positive and negative emotions in American and Russian picture books","volume":"21","author":"Y Chentsova-Dutton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272837.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2009.07.005","article-title":"Factors in the recognition of vocally expressed emotions: A comparison of four languages","volume":"37","author":"MD Pell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272837.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-019-01701-x","article-title":"Good vibrations: A review of vocal expressions of positive emotions","volume":"27","author":"RG Kamilo\u011flum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"key":"pone.0272837.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01017","DOI":"10.1051\/shsconf\/20162501017","article-title":"Statistical analysis of acoustic characteristics of Tibetan Lhasa dialect speech emotion","volume":"25","author":"D Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"SHS Web of Conferences"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272837","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T23:28:01Z","timestamp":1701905281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272837"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Qian-Jie","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272837","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]}}}