{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T06:44:55Z","timestamp":1792219495179,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT409966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT409966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1002463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1002463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FT180100075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FT180100075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP140102333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP140102333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>People released from prison who experience mental health and substance use problems are at high risk of reincarceration. This study aimed to examine the association between contact with mental health and substance use treatment services, and reincarceration, among adults released from prison.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pre-release survey data from 1,115 adults released from prisons in Queensland, Australia were linked with administrative health and correctional records covering a median of 787 days post-release. We constructed marginal structural Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for pre-release variables and time-varying indicators of emergent mental health and substance use problems, to examine the association between contact with mental health and substance use treatment services, and reincarceration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) for reincarceration associated with mental health service contact was 1.76 (95%CI 1.23,2.51). Among those not on parole following release, the AHR for reincarceration associated with substance use treatment service contact was 3.16 (95%CI 2.09,4.77); we found no evidence for an association among those who were released on parole (AHR = 1.07; 95%CI 0.80,1.43).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Although we cannot eliminate the possibility of residual confounding, our findings suggest that infrequent or unsustained contact with community-based mental health and substance use treatment services is not protective against reincarceration, and may even be iatrogenic. Increased investment in high-quality and timely behavioural health services for people released from prison may simultaneously improve health outcomes, and reduce reincarceration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T17:22:51Z","timestamp":1662571371000},"page":"e0272870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Association between contact with mental health and substance use services and reincarceration after release from prison"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Emma G.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Spittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faye S.","family":"Taxman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3658-9772","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cheneal","family":"Puljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward B.","family":"Heffernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3956-5343","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stuart A.","family":"Kinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0272870.ref001","volume-title":"World prison population list","author":"R. Walmsley","year":"2018","edition":"12"},{"issue":"9769","key":"pone.0272870.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7","article-title":"The health of prisoners","volume":"377","author":"S Fazel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0272870.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30142-0","article-title":"Mental health of prisoners: prevalence, adverse outcomes, and interventions","volume":"3","author":"S Fazel","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272870.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.01.019","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for non-fatal overdose among a cohort of recently incarcerated illicit drug users","volume":"37","author":"SA Kinner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"pone.0272870.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.011","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of non-fatal drug overdose after release from prison among people who inject drugs in Queensland, Australia","volume":"153","author":"RJ Winter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272870.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416640090","article-title":"Self-harm following release from prison: A prospective data linkage study","volume":"51","author":"R Borschmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272870.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15293","article-title":"Risk of overdose-related death for people with a history of incarceration","volume":"116","author":"WQ Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0272870.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-204295","article-title":"Suicide in adults released from prison in Queensland, Australia: a cohort study","volume":"68","author":"MJ Spittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"pone.0272870.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keen C, Kinner SA, Young JT, Jang K, Gan W, Samji H, et al. Prevalence of co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorder and association with overdose: a linked data cohort study among residents of British Columbia, Canada. Addiction. 2021.","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15580"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272870.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.23889\/ijpds.v5i5.1606","article-title":"High Rate of Fatal Overdose After Release from Prison In BC, Canada: A Data Linkage Study","volume":"5","author":"SA Kinner","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Population Data Science"},{"key":"pone.0272870.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14970.2","article-title":"A systematic review of criminal recidivism rates worldwide: 3-year update","volume":"4","author":"D Yukhnenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"pone.0272870.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-111","article-title":"Risk factors for criminal recidivism\u2014a prospective follow-up study in prisoners with substance abuse","volume":"12","author":"A Hakansson","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272870.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp135","article-title":"Psychotic Disorders and Repeat Offending: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"S Fazel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272870.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-015-0022-6","article-title":"Health-related factors predict return to custody in a large cohort of ex-prisoners: new approaches to predicting re-incarceration","volume":"3","author":"EG Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health & Justice"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272870.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2015.1102896","article-title":"Evidence-based practices for co-occurring disorders in offenders","volume":"24","author":"EC Rojas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction Research & Theory"},{"key":"pone.0272870.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854811433709","article-title":"Integrated Primary and Behavioral Health Care in Patient-Centered Medical Homes for Jail Releasees With Mental Illness","volume":"39","author":"ML Held","year":"2012","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0272870.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403414556148","article-title":"Predicting Success in Residential Substance Abuse Interventions: New Jerseys Pre-Release Incarceration Alternatives","volume":"27","author":"M-L Hsieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Criminal Justice Policy Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272870.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13128","article-title":"Do timely mental health services reduce re-incarceration among prison releasees with severe mental illness?","volume":"54","author":"ME Domino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272870.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.1.56","article-title":"Describing and evaluating jail diversion services for persons with serious mental illness","volume":"50","author":"J Draine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272870.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.71.2.262","article-title":"Threats of incarceration in a psychiatric probation and parole service","volume":"71","author":"J Draine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272870.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9501900302","article-title":"One-Year Outcomes of a Randomized Trial of Case Management with Seriously Mentally Ill Clients Leaving Jail","volume":"19","author":"P Solomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evaluation Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272870.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.53.1.50","article-title":"Predicting incarceration of clients of a psychiatric probation and parole service","volume":"53","author":"P Solomon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"pone.0272870.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2013.07.001","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of a service brokerage intervention for ex-prisoners in Australia","volume":"36","author":"SA Kinner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemporary Clinical Trails"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272870.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X11401695","article-title":"Evaluating health outcomes of criminal justice populations using record linkage: the importance of aliases","volume":"35","author":"S Larney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evaluation Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272870.ref025","first-page":"60","article-title":"The Centre for Health Record Linkage: A New Resource for Health Services Research and Evaluation","volume":"37","author":"G Lawrence","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Inf Manag"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272870.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12198","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability of the Hayes Ability Screening Index in a sample of Australian prisoners","volume":"59","author":"JT Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"06","key":"pone.0272870.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074","article-title":"Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress","volume":"32","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"key":"pone.0272870.ref028","unstructured":"Ware JE, Kosinski M, Dewey JE. How to score version 2 of the SF-36 health survey (standard & acute forms): QualityMetric Incorporated; 2000."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0272870.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.008","article-title":"High-risk drug-use practices among a large sample of Australian prisoners","volume":"126","author":"SA Kinner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"pone.0272870.ref030","unstructured":"Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. Geneva. Geneva: World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence; 2001."},{"key":"pone.0272870.ref031","unstructured":"Humeniuk R, Henry-Edwards S, Ali R, Poznyak V, Monteiro MG. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): manual for use in primary care. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2010. Report No.: 9522727083."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272870.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","article-title":"Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"JM Robins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272870.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2202\/1557-4679.1208","article-title":"Accuracy of conventional and marginal structural Cox model estimators: a simulation study","volume":"6","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"The International Journal of Biostatistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272870.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e249","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00007-4","article-title":"Periods of altered risk for non-fatal drug overdose: a self-controlled case series","volume":"6","author":"C Keen","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"e6","key":"pone.0272870.ref035","article-title":"Early primary care physician contact and health service utilisation in a large sample of recently released ex-prisoners in Australia: prospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"JT Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272870.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002123","article-title":"Trajectories of psychological distress after prison release: implications for mental health service need in ex-prisoners","volume":"46","author":"EG Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0272870.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01832-w","article-title":"Health, social and criminal justice factors associated with dual diagnosis among incarcerated adults in Brazil and Australia: a cross-national comparison","volume":"55","author":"R Borschmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272870.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30065-9","article-title":"Dual-harm, complex needs, and the challenges of multisectoral service coordination","volume":"4","author":"SA Kinner","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272870","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T17:23:49Z","timestamp":1662571429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272870"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Knittel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272870","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]}}}