{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:38:13Z","timestamp":1792802293780,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"United States Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IK2RX000870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK2RX000870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Science of the National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1TR002378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002378"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pw6fb54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Emory University Udall Center","award":["P50NS071669-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50NS071669-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03czfpz43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008444","name":"Parkinson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["A1-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008444","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) affects both men and women with documented gender differences across functional domains, with findings varying among reports. Knowledge regarding gender differences in PD for different geographic locations is important for further understanding of the disease and for developing personalized gender-specific PD assessment tools and therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to examine gender differences in PD-related motor, motor-cognitive, cognitive, and psychosocial function in people with PD from the southern United States (US).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      199 (127 men and 72 women;\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      age: 69.08\u00b18.94) individuals with mild-moderate idiopathic PD (Hoehn &amp;Yahr (H&amp;Y) Median = 2, stages I-III) from a large metro area in the southeastern US were included in this retrospective, cross-sectional study. Motor, motor-cognitive, cognitive, and psychosocial data were obtained using standardized and validated clinical tests. Univariate analyses were performed, adjusting for age and housing type.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjustment for age, housing, PD duration and fall rate, men exhibited statistically significantly greater motor (Movement Disorders Society (MDS)-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-II) and non-motor (MDS-UPDRS-I) impact of PD, and more severe motor signs (MDS-UPDRS-III). Men exhibited worse PD-specific health-related quality of life related to mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, cognitive impairment, communication, and more depressive symptoms. Men performed worse on a subtraction working memory task. Women had slower fast gait speed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the southeastern United States, men may experience worse PD-related quality of life and more depression than women. Many non-motor and motor variables that are not PD specific show no differences between genders in this cohort. These findings can contribute to the development of gender-sensitive assessment and rehabilitation policies and protocols for people with PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T13:24:54Z","timestamp":1673443494000},"page":"e0272952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Gender differences in motor and non-motor symptoms in individuals with mild-moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5423-326X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amit","family":"Abraham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7950-8506","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allison A.","family":"Bay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eeshani","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Leeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariyana","family":"Bozorg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel R.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1833-0051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Madeleine E.","family":"Hackney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0272952.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000313835.33830.80","article-title":"Determinants of disability and quality of life in mild to moderate Parkinson disease","volume":"70","author":"D Muslimovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0272952.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200623090-00001","article-title":"A review of the health-related quality of life and economic impact of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"CH Dowding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272952.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20727","article-title":"Economic burden associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease on elderly Medicare beneficiaries","volume":"21","author":"K Noyes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0272952.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM2003ra020003","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"348","author":"RL Nussbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-018-0058-0","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease across North America.","volume":"4","author":"C Marras","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272952.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8384-9","article-title":"The relevance of gender in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review","volume":"264","author":"M Picillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272952.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.103788","article-title":"Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"CA Haaxma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0272952.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.10.1572","article-title":"Menstrual-related changes in motoric function in women with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"K Kompoliti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272952.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6392-3","article-title":"Gender-related differences in the burden of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"259","author":"P Martinez-Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272952.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(00)00029-8","article-title":"Gender ratio differences between Parkinson\u2019s disease patients and their affected relatives","volume":"7","author":"RH Swerdlow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.11.015","article-title":"Mind the gap: Inequalities in mental health care and lack of social support in Parkinson disease","volume":"93","author":"I Subramanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272952.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0b013e3182a3cd5c","article-title":"The experiences of Taiwanese older individuals at different stages of Parkinson disease","volume":"45","author":"YC Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272952.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130029","article-title":"Reproductive hormone influences on thermoregulation in women.","volume":"4","author":"N Charkoudian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272952.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1105","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00645.2013","article-title":"Age and sex differences in vascular responsiveness in healthy and trauma patients: contribution of estrogen receptor-mediated Rho kinase and PKC pathways","volume":"306","author":"T Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272952.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24880","article-title":"The association of menstrual and reproductive factors with upper gastrointestinal tract cancers in the NIH-AARP cohort","volume":"116","author":"ND Freedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272952.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0294-x","article-title":"Sex differences in movement disorders","volume":"16","author":"S Meoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272952.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.08.003","article-title":"Lifetime exposure to estrogens and Parkinson\u2019s disease in California teachers","volume":"20","author":"NM Gatto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E110","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.140023","article-title":"Geographical variation in health-related quality of life among older US adults, 1997\u20132010.","volume":"11","author":"D Kachan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272952.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214267","article-title":"Regional differences in the impact of diabetes on population health in the USA","volume":"75","author":"E Zang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref020","article-title":"Regional Differences in Risk of Recurrent Falls Among Older U.S. Women and Men with HIV in the HIV Infection, Aging, and Immune Function Long-Term Observational Study","author":"M Abdo","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272952.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28312","article-title":"Differences in the Presentation and Progression of Parkinson\u2019s Disease by Sex","volume":"36","author":"H Iwaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0272952.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.12.016","article-title":"Sex differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"M Lubomski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272952.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0285-5","article-title":"Quality of life and gender identity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"112","author":"O Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272952.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1550-8579(07)80003-9","article-title":"Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"4","author":"LM Shulman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gend Med"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.10.019","article-title":"Sex differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease presentation and progression","volume":"69","author":"DS Abraham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576121","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.576121","article-title":"The Impact of Sex and Gender on the Multidisciplinary Management of Care for Persons With Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"11","author":"I Gottgens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0272952.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23388","article-title":"Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical characteristics and cognition","volume":"25","author":"IN Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272952.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12796","article-title":"Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A clinical perspective.","volume":"136","author":"D Georgiev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref029","volume-title":"Exploring the biological contributions to human health: does sex matter?","author":"Institute of Medicine Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences","year":"2001"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0272952.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0835-7","article-title":"Gender and the Parkinson\u2019s disease phenotype","volume":"252","author":"Y Baba","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0272952.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.04.023","article-title":"Gender differences in non-motor symptoms in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: a 2-years follow-up study on previously untreated patients","volume":"20","author":"M Picillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272952.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.09.025","article-title":"The influence of age and gender on motor and non-motor features of early Parkinson\u2019s disease: initial findings from the Oxford Parkinson Disease Center (OPDC) discovery cohort.","volume":"20","author":"K Szewczyk-Krolikowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272952.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<539::AID-AJMG19>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Evaluation of a screening questionnaire for genetic studies of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"88","author":"BA Racette","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"pone.0272952.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm142","article-title":"Patterns of levodopa response in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinico-pathological study","volume":"130","author":"PA Kempster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0272952.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu205","article-title":"Physical function assessment in a community-dwelling population of U.S. Chinese older adults","volume":"69","author":"X Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272952.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","article-title":"The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): development and evaluation.","volume":"46","author":"RA Washburn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272952.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0272952.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results","volume":"23","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272952.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285609103726","article-title":"The 39-Item Parkinson\u2019s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39): Is it a Unidimensional Construct?","volume":"2","author":"P Hagell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272952.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.111161","article-title":"The 39 item Parkinson\u2019s disease questionnaire (PDQ-39) revisited: implications for evidence based medicine.","volume":"78","author":"P Hagell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0272952.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.05.015","article-title":"Six weeks of intensive treadmill training improves gait and quality of life in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot study","volume":"88","author":"T Herman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272952.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.002","article-title":"Comparing the Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale with the Mini-BESTest and Berg Balance Scale to assess postural control in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"96","author":"C Schlenstedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272952.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22330","article-title":"Backward walking in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"ME Hackney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0272952.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215510367993","article-title":"Dual task interference in estimating the risk of falls and measuring change: a comparative, psychometric study of four measurements.","volume":"24","author":"M Hofheinz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0272952.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968318804419","article-title":"The Body Position Spatial Task, a Test of Whole-Body Spatial Cognition: Comparison Between Adults With and Without Parkinson Disease","volume":"32","author":"J Battisto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref046","volume-title":"Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System: Technical Manual","author":"DC Delis","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.07.003","article-title":"Disruptive behavior disorders and indicators of disinhibition in adolescents: The BRIEF-SR, anti-saccade task, and D-KEFS color-word interference test.","volume":"44","author":"EC Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272952.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191108315611","article-title":"The backward span of the Corsi Block-Tapping Task and its association with the WAIS-III Digit Span.","volume":"15","author":"RP Kessels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272952.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.639298","article-title":"Executive function deficits in persons with mild cognitive impairment: a study with a Tower of London task.","volume":"34","author":"C Rainville","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression.","volume":"4","author":"AT Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0272952.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.05.018","article-title":"Association Between Motor Subtype and Visuospatial and Executive Function in Mild-Moderate Parkinson Disease","volume":"101","author":"H Lally","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272952.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000297","article-title":"Differentiating Parkinson Disease Subtypes Using Clinical Balance Measures","volume":"44","author":"M Prime","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00537","article-title":"Internally Guided Lower Limb Movement Recruits Compensatory Cerebellar Activity in People With Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"10","author":"JH Drucker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.12.002","article-title":"The association between Parkinson\u2019s disease symptom side-of-onset and performance on the MDS-UPDRS scale part IV: Motor complications.","volume":"396","author":"AA Bay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2004.005835","article-title":"Gender differences for non-fatal unintentional fall related injuries among older adults.","volume":"11","author":"JA Stevens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref056","first-page":"7951840","article-title":"Impact of Sex on the Nonmotor Symptoms and the Health-Related Quality of Life in Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"2016","author":"M Kovacs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0272952.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.07.026","article-title":"Gender differences in motor and non-motor symptoms among Sardinian patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"323","author":"P Solla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0272952.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23372","article-title":"Fatigue in Parkinson\u2019s disease: prevalence and associated factors","volume":"25","author":"AG Beiske","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0272952.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.10.1611","article-title":"Functional decline in Parkinson disease","volume":"58","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0272952.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133002","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133002","article-title":"Sex Differences in Clinical Features of Early, Treated Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"10","author":"EF Augustine","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272952.ref061","first-page":"118","article-title":"Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"KE Lyons","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0272952.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1995.tb00480.x","article-title":"Age at onset: the major determinant of outcome in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"92","author":"MA Hely","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272952.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.5.763","article-title":"An examination of male-female differences in progression and mortality of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"SG Diamond","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272952.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.334","article-title":"Progression of parkinsonian signs in Parkinson disease","volume":"56","author":"ED Louis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.02.020","article-title":"The Penn Parkinson\u2019s daily activities Questionnaire-15: psychometric properties of a brief assessment of cognitive instrumental activities of daily living in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"25","author":"L Brennan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0272952.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2009.02289.x","article-title":"Are men shortchanged on health? Perspective on life expectancy, morbidity, and mortality in men and women in the United States.","volume":"64","author":"RM Pinkhasov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref067","first-page":"141720","article-title":"Predictors of gait speeds and the relationship of gait speeds to falls in men and women with Parkinson disease.","volume":"2013","author":"ST Nemanich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"pone.0272952.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-015-0072-4","article-title":"Sex difference in age-related changes in knee extensor strength and power production during a 10-times-repeated sit-to-stand task in Japanese elderly","volume":"34","author":"N. Yanagawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0272952.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.3675","article-title":"Gait speed and related factors in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"N Paker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0272952.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22219","article-title":"Walking speed during single and dual tasks in Parkinson\u2019s disease: which characteristics are important?","volume":"23","author":"L Rochester","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272952.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0720-2","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in 873 patients with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Results from the German Study on Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Dementia (GEPAD).","volume":"255","author":"O Riedel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272952.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.08.032","article-title":"Sex differences in cognition among Chinese people with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"22","author":"L Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272952.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.002","article-title":"Frontostriatal circuits are necessary for visuomotor transformation: mental rotation in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"44","author":"MM Amick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0272952.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.11.1.44","article-title":"Visuospatial dysfunction and problem solving in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"11","author":"A Cronin-Golomb","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0272952.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baga.2012.10.004","article-title":", Sinforiani Elena, Minafra Brigida, Bertaina Ilaria, Pacchetti Claudio Cognitive function in Parkinson\u2019s disease: The influence of gender.","volume":"3","author":"ZR Pasotti Chiara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basal Ganglia"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"pone.0272952.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn237","article-title":"Impact of optic flow perception and egocentric coordinates on veering in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"131","author":"S Davidsdottir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272952.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200005)15:3<490::AID-MDS1011>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Gender differences in the frequency and treatment of behavior problems in Parkinson\u2019s disease. SAGE Study Group. Systematic Assessment and Geriatric drug use via Epidemiology","volume":"15","author":"HH Fernandez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0272952.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23528","article-title":"Symptomatology and markers of anxiety disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"AF Leentjens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0272952.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.9.1358","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism in a longitudinal study: two-fold higher incidence in men. ILSA Working Group. Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"55","author":"M Baldereschi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0272952.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272952","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T20:46:58Z","timestamp":1728679618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272952"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karsten","family":"Witt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272952","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]}}}