{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:23:11Z","timestamp":1785406991310,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201307720031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201307720031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fortune telling is a widespread phenomenon, yet little is known about the extent to which people are affected by it\u2014including those who consider themselves non-believers. The present research has investigated the power of a positive fortune telling outcome (vs. neutral vs. negative) on people\u2019s financial risk taking. In two online experiments (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>1 = 252;<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>2 = 441), we consistently found that positive fortune telling enhanced financial risk taking particularly among men. Additionally, we used a real online gambling game in a lab setting (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>3 = 193) and found that positive fortune telling enhanced the likelihood that college students gambled for money. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of these three studies demonstrated that the effect of positive fortune telling versus neutral fortune telling was significant for men, but virtually absent for women. Thus, positive fortune telling can yield increased financial risk taking in men, but not (or less so) in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T17:28:08Z","timestamp":1662571688000},"page":"e0273233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Positive fortune telling enhances men\u2019s financial risk taking"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8434-1248","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Willem","family":"van Prooijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A. M.","family":"van Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0273233.ref001","volume-title":"Believing in magic: The psychology of superstition-updated edition","author":"SA Vyse","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref002","unstructured":"Jahoda G. The psychology of superstition. Penguin; 1970."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273233.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1086\/698492","article-title":"A functional motivation framework for examining superstitious behavior","volume":"3","author":"R Vaidyanathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Consumer Research"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref004","unstructured":"CBS News. Superstitions: Why you believe. 2012 October 28 [Cited 2021 September 22]. https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/superstitions-why-you-believe\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273233.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12066","article-title":"Superstition in the housing market","volume":"52","author":"NM Fortin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Economic Inquiry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273233.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2009.12.002","article-title":"The value of superstitions","volume":"31","author":"T Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref007","article-title":"First comes the car, then the $10,000 license plate","volume":"5","author":"J. Yardley","year":"2006","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref008","unstructured":"Palazzolo R. Is Friday the 13th a Reason to Stay in Bed?. ABC News. 2005 [Cited 2021 September 22]. https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Health\/story?id=751011&page=1"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0273233.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840604042405","article-title":"Toward a scientific inquiry into superstitious business decision-making","volume":"25","author":"EW Tsang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Organization Studies"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref010","first-page":"81","article-title":"Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment","volume":"49","author":"D Kahneman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref011","volume-title":"A model of heuristic judgment","author":"D Kahneman","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref012","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Dual Process Theories of the Social Mind","author":"SA Sloman","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273233.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000017","article-title":"Believing what we do not believe: Acquiescence to superstitious beliefs and other powerful intuitions","volume":"123","author":"JL Risen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273233.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.1.48","article-title":"Effects of stress and tolerance of ambiguity on magical thinking","volume":"67","author":"G. Keinan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref015","unstructured":"Malinowski B. Magic, science and religion, pp 85\u201387. New York. 1954."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0273233.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-9029.2006.00116.x","article-title":"The Psychological Benefits of Superstitious Rituals in Top Sport: A Study Among Top Sportspersons 1","volume":"36","author":"MC Schippers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5898","key":"pone.0273233.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159845","article-title":"Lacking control increases illusory pattern perception","volume":"322","author":"JA Whitson","year":"2008","journal-title":"science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273233.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031772","article-title":"Rituals alleviate grieving for loved ones, lovers, and lotteries","volume":"143","author":"MI Norton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0273233.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610372631","article-title":"Keep your fingers crossed! How superstition improves performance","volume":"21","author":"L Damisch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273233.ref020","first-page":"493","article-title":"Rational decision making in business organizations","volume":"69","author":"HA Simon","year":"1979","journal-title":"The American economic review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273233.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2016.2584","article-title":"Superstition and financial decision making","volume":"64","author":"D Hirshleifer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0273233.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2007.01.007","article-title":"Determinants of superstition","volume":"36","author":"B. Torgler","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Socio-Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273233.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.4.2015.1.7","article-title":"Fortune telling addiction: Unfortunately a serious topic about a case report","volume":"4","author":"M Grall-Bronnec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273233.ref024","article-title":"Divination\/Fortune Telling (Zhan Bu\/Xianming): Chinese Cultural Praxis and Worldview","volume":"7","author":"R. Chuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"China media research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273233.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2009.02.010","article-title":"The unique consequences of feeling lucky: Implications for consumer behavior","volume":"19","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref026","volume-title":"Attributions in social interaction","author":"H.H. Kelley","year":"1971"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0273233.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01649.x","article-title":"Compensatory control: Achieving order through the mind, our institutions, and the heavens","volume":"18","author":"AC Kay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273233.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-004-1036-8","article-title":"The illusion of control, superstitious belief, and optimism","volume":"22","author":"J. Rudski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273233.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076270","article-title":"Generality of learned helplessness in man","volume":"31","author":"DS Hiroto","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273233.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.32.2.311","article-title":"The illusion of control","volume":"32","author":"EJ Langer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273233.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S1057-0810(99)00041-4","article-title":"Financial risk tolerance revisited: the development of a risk assessment instrument","volume":"8","author":"J Grable","year":"1999","journal-title":"Financial services review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273233.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2011.06.007","article-title":"Strong evidence for gender differences in risk taking","volume":"83","author":"G Charness","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273233.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.3.367","article-title":"Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"JP Byrnes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2014.10.005","article-title":"Overconfidence, omens and gender heterogeneity: Results from a field experiment","volume":"45","author":"M De Paola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273233.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1994.tb01849.x","article-title":"How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Perceived self\u2010efficacy and opportunity recognition","volume":"25","author":"N Krueger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Decision sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273233.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500000334","article-title":"A domain-specific risk-taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations","volume":"1","author":"AR Blais","year":"2006","journal-title":"Judgment and Decision making"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref037","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Measures in Health Psychology: A User\u2019s Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs","author":"R Schwarzer","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273233.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x","article-title":"Flawed self-assessment: Implications for health, education, and the workplace","volume":"5","author":"D Dunning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological science in the public interest"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273233.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01392.x","article-title":"The Effect of Perceived Control on Risk Taking 1","volume":"29","author":"MS Horswill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref040","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Chapter 4-Assessment and Estimation of Risk Preferences","author":"CA Holt","year":"2014"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0273233.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12267","article-title":"Mini meta\u2010analysis of your own studies: Some arguments on why and a primer on how","volume":"10","author":"JX Goh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref042","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke D. esc: Effect size computation for meta-analysis (R package version 0.3. 1)."},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0273233.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20001130)19:22<3127::AID-SIM784>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta\u2010analysis","volume":"19","author":"S. Chinn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Statistics in medicine"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref044","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W, Viechtbauer MW. Package metafor. The Comprehensive R Archive Network. Package \u2018metafor\u2019."},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frazer SJ. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion; Abridged Ed. Macmillan; 1922.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-00400-3"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0273233.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.02.009","article-title":"Measuring superstitious belief: Why lucky charms matter","volume":"37","author":"R Wiseman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personality and individual differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273233.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOGS.0000022308.27774.2b","article-title":"Superstitious beliefs in gambling among problem and non-problem gamblers: Preliminary data","volume":"20","author":"J Joukhador","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of gambling studies"},{"key":"pone.0273233.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2021.105441","article-title":"Betting on the lord: Lotteries and religiosity in Haiti","volume":"144","author":"E Auriol","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273233.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/00213624.2001.11506368","article-title":"Gender, risk, and retirement","volume":"35","author":"A Bernasek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of economic issues"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273233.ref050","first-page":"207","article-title":"Gender differences in the allocation of assets in retirement savings plans","volume":"88","author":"AE Sunden","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273233.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027087","article-title":"Intrepid, imprudent, or impetuous? The effects of gender threats on men\u2019s financial decisions","volume":"14","author":"JR Weaver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychology of Men & Masculinity"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0273233.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802762024700","article-title":"Risk aversion and incentive effects","volume":"92","author":"CA Holt","year":"2002","journal-title":"American economic review"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0273233.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4774.2012.01086.x","article-title":"Risk aversion and expected utility theory: an experiment with large and small stakes","volume":"10","author":"M Bombardini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the European Economic Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273233.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2307\/2626667","article-title":"Estimates and Fortune-Telling in Intelligence Work","volume":"4","author":"S Gazit","year":"1980","journal-title":"International Security"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0273233","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T11:01:55Z","timestamp":1676718115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0273233"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Rosa Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0273233","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]}}}