{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:28:47Z","timestamp":1790850527092,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["769595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["769595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Methusalem Project","award":["01M00221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01M00221"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral fellowship, FWO-Vlaanderen"},{"name":"BAGO"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The tendency to continue or intensify gambling after losing (loss-chasing) is widely regarded as a defining feature of gambling disorder. However, loss-chasing in real gambling contexts is multifaceted, and some aspects are better understood than others. Gamblers may chase losses between multiple sessions or within a single session. Furthermore, within a session, loss-chasing can be expressed in the decision of (1) when to stop, (2) how much stake to bet, and (3) the speed of play after winning and losing. Using a large player-tracking data set (&gt;2500 players, &gt;10 million rounds) collected from the online commercial game\n                    <jats:italic>Mystery Arena<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we examined these three behavioral expressions of within-session loss-chasing. While the first two aspects (when to stop and how much stake to bet) have been examined previously, the current research is the first large-scale study to examine the effects of wins and losses on the speed of play in real gambling. The players were additionally assigned different involvement levels by the operator based on their gambling behavior on the operator\u2019s own platform, which further allowed us to examine group differences in loss-chasing. We found that after winning, both the high- and low-involvement groups were less likely to stop, and increased the stake amount, thus showing win-chasing instead of loss-chasing in these two facets. After losing, both groups played more quickly though, which may reflect an urge to continue gambling (as an expression of loss-chasing). Wins and losses had a smaller influence on the speed of play for the high-involvement players, suggesting that they might have reduced sensitivity to wins and\/or losses. Future work can further examine chasing in different gambling products and in people with gambling problems to assess the generalizability of these findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T13:52:53Z","timestamp":1660830773000},"page":"e0273359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Winning and losing in online gambling: Effects on within-session chasing"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3500-9182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roos Arwen","family":"Doekemeijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4604-8144","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xavier","family":"No\u00ebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Verbruggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273359.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.01.004","article-title":"Disordered Gambling: A Behavioral Addiction","volume":"23","author":"L Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0273359.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.03.007","article-title":"The Neural Bases of Cognitive Processes in Gambling Disorder","volume":"18","author":"MN Potenza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273359.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.073","article-title":"Problem Gambling Worldwide: An update and Systematic Review of Empirical Research (2000\u20132015)","volume":"5","author":"F Calado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0273359.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x","article-title":"A Pathways Model of Problem and Pathological Gambling: Pathways Model of Gambling","volume":"97","author":"A Blaszczynski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.10.006","article-title":"Loss-Chasing in Gambling Behaviour: Neurocognitive and Behavioural Economic Perspectives","volume":"31","author":"K Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0273359.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00545.x","article-title":"A Hierarchy of Gambling Disorders in the Community: Gambling Disorders","volume":"98","author":"M Toce-Gerstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0273359.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00052-5","article-title":"\u2018Chasing\u2019 in Gambling Behavior: Personality and Cognitive Determinants","volume":"27","author":"RB Breen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273359.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2016.1232433","article-title":"An Empirical Real-World Study of Losses Disguised as Wins in Electronic Gaming Machines","volume":"16","author":"T Leino","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.06.018","article-title":"Gambling Goals Predict Chasing Behavior during Slot Machine Play","volume":"62","author":"JJ Lister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.010","article-title":"The Illusion of Handy Wins: Problem Gambling, Chasing, and Affective Decision-Making","volume":"225","author":"G Nigro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273359.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.29","article-title":"The Interplay between Chasing Behavior, Time Perspective, and Gambling Severity: An Experimental Study","volume":"8","author":"M Ciccarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026375809186","article-title":"Definition and Measurement of Chasing in Off-Course Betting and Gaming Machine Play","volume":"19","author":"J O\u2019Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"5563","key":"pone.0273359.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066893","article-title":"The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Rapid Processing of Monetary Gains and Losses","volume":"295","author":"WJ Gehring","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0273359.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1090.1044","article-title":"Poker Player Behavior After Big Wins and Big Losses","volume":"55","author":"G Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273359.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.1844","article-title":"\u2018Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is!\u2019: Effects of Streaks on Confidence and Betting in a Binary Choice Task","volume":"28","author":"B Studer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0273359.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.36.6.643","article-title":"Gambling with the House Money and Trying to Break Even: The Effects of Prior Outcomes on Risky Choice","volume":"36","author":"RH Thaler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273359.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025780","article-title":"Risk Dishabituation: In Repeated Gambling, Risk Is Reduced Following Low-Probability \u201cSurprising\u201d Events (Wins or Losses)","volume":"12","author":"HA Demaree","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273359.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1287\/deca.1050.0034","article-title":"How Do Prior Outcomes Affect Risk Attitude? Comparing Escalation of Commitment and the House-Money Effect","volume":"2","author":"M Weber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Decision Analysis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0273359.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20140386","article-title":"The Realization Effect: Risk-Taking After Realized Versus Paper Losses","volume":"106","author":"A Imas","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273359.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9395-4","article-title":"Pause for Thought: Response Perseveration and Personality in Gambling","volume":"30","author":"PJ Corr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273359.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9333-x","article-title":"The Frustrating Effects of Just Missing the Jackpot: Slot Machine Near-Misses Trigger Large Skin Conductance Responses, But No Post-Reinforcement Pauses","volume":"29","author":"MJ Dixon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273359.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9538-x","article-title":"\u201cI Was That Close\u201d: Investigating Players\u2019 Reactions to Losses, Wins, and Near-Misses on Scratch Cards","volume":"32","author":"M Stange","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273359.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18184","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.18184","article-title":"Proximity and Expectancy Modulate Response Vigor After Reward Omission","volume":"6","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273359.ref025","first-page":"147","article-title":"Winning and Losing: Effects on Impulsive Action","volume":"43","author":"F Verbruggen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0273359.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200090","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.200090","article-title":"A Direct and Conceptual Replication of Post-Loss Speeding When Gambling","volume":"7","author":"C Eben","year":"2020","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273359.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013639729908","article-title":"Manipulations of the Features of Standard Video Lottery Terminal (VLT) Games: Effects in Pathological and Non-Pathological Gamblers","volume":"17","author":"P Loba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273359.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790500303378","article-title":"Structural Characteristics of Electronic Gaming Machines and Satisfaction of Play Among Recreational and Problem Gamblers","volume":"5","author":"A Blaszczynski","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273359.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2010.502181","article-title":"Event Frequency, Excitement and Desire to Gamble, among Pathological Gamblers","volume":"10","author":"J Linnet","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Gambling Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273359.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.03.033","article-title":"Chasing Losses in Online Poker and Casino Games: Characteristics and Game Play of Internet Gamblers at Risk of Disordered Gambling","volume":"217","author":"SM Gainsbury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.09.001","article-title":"Comparison of Gambling Profiles Based on Strategic versus Non-Strategic Preferences","volume":"31","author":"S Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.10.006","article-title":"Is All Internet Gambling Equally Problematic? Considering the Relationship between Mode of Access and Gambling Problems","volume":"55","author":"S M Gainsbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref033","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref034","unstructured":"Singmann H, Bolker B, Westfall J, Aust F, Ben-Shachar MS. afex: Analysis of Factorial Experiments; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=afex."},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref035","unstructured":"Morey RD, Rouder JN. BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes Factors for Common Designs; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=BayesFactor."},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref036","unstructured":"Xie Y. bookdown: Authoring Books and Technical Documents with R Markdown; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=bookdown."},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref037","unstructured":"Wickham H, Chang W, Henry L, Pedersen TL, Takahashi K, Wilke C, et al.. ggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ggplot2."},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref038","unstructured":"Kassambara A. ggpubr:\u2019ggplot2\u2019 Based Publication Ready Plots; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ggpubr."},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref039","unstructured":"Zhu H. kableExtra: Construct Complex Table with\u2019kable\u2019 and Pipe Syntax; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=kableExtra."},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref040","unstructured":"Xie Y. knitr: A General-Purpose Package for Dynamic Report Generation in R; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=knitr."},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref041","unstructured":"Hope RM. Rmisc: Ryan Miscellaneous; 2013. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=Rmisc."},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref042","unstructured":"Wickham H. tidyverse: Easily Install and Load the\u2019Tidyverse\u2019; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=tidyverse."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273359.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.5334\/irsp.82","article-title":"Why Psychologists Should by Default Use Welch\u2019s t-Test Instead of Student\u2019s t-Test","volume":"30","author":"M Delacre","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Review of Social Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00781","article-title":"Using Bayes to Get the Most out of Non-Significant Results","volume":"5","author":"Z Dienes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273359.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1323-7","article-title":"Bayesian Inference for Psychology. Part II: Example Applications with JASP","volume":"25","author":"EJ Wagenmakers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and Reporting Effect Sizes to Facilitate Cumulative Science: A Practical Primer for t-Tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"D Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273359.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20479","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20479","article-title":"Negative Outcomes Evoke Cyclic Irrational Decisions in Rock, Paper, Scissors","volume":"6","author":"BJ Dyson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273359.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1966.9-131","article-title":"The Post-Reinforcement Pause","volume":"9","author":"M Felton","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273359.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.014","article-title":"Knowing When to Stop: The Brain Mechanisms of Chasing Losses","volume":"63","author":"DK Campbell-Meiklejohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0273359.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.027","article-title":"The Neural Basis of Gambling Disorder: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis","volume":"120","author":"S Raimo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0273359","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T13:53:45Z","timestamp":1660830825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0273359"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ga\u00ebtan","family":"Merlhiot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0273359","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31219\/osf.io\/7z5tr","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}