{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:30:10Z","timestamp":1789684210600,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland","award":["567\/312\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["567\/312\/2011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013840","name":"Biocenter Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013840","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Helsinki Institute of Life Science"},{"name":"Helsinki University Library","award":["Open access"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open access"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Dickeya solani<\/jats:italic> is a soft rot bacterium with high virulence. In potato, <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>solani<\/jats:italic>, like the other potato-infecting soft rot bacteria, causes rotting and wilting of the stems and rotting of tubers in the field and in storage. Latent, asymptomatic infections of potato tubers are common in harvested tubers, and if the storage conditions are not optimal, the latent infection turns into active rotting. We characterized potato gene expression in artificially inoculated tubers in nonsymptomatic, early infections 1 and 24 hours post-inoculation (hpi) and compared the results to the response in symptomatic tuber tissue 1 week (168 hpi) later with RNA-Seq. In the beginning of the infection, potato tubers expressed genes involved in the detection of the bacterium through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which induced genes involved in PAMPs-triggered immunity, resistance, production of pathogenesis-related proteins, ROS, secondary metabolites and salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling genes. In the symptomatic tuber tissue one week later, the PAMPs-triggered gene expression was downregulated, whereas primary metabolism was affected, most likely leading to free sugars fueling plant defense but possibly also aiding the growth of the pathogen. In the symptomatic tubers, pectic enzymes and cell wall-based defenses were activated. Measurement of hormone production revealed increased SA concentration and almost no JA in the asymptomatic tubers at the beginning of the infection and high level of JA and reduced SA in the symptomatic tubers one week later. These findings suggest that potato tubers rely on different defense strategies in the different phases of <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>solani<\/jats:italic> infection even when the infection takes place in fully susceptible plants incubated in conditions leading to rotting. These results support the idea that <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>solani<\/jats:italic> is a biotroph rather than a true necrotroph.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T17:26:54Z","timestamp":1661794014000},"page":"e0273481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gene expression and phytohormone levels in the asymptomatic and symptomatic phases of infection in potato tubers inoculated with Dickeya solani"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Iman","family":"Hadizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahram","family":"Peivastegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4328-984X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0786-2493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nina","family":"Sipari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e5re Lehmann","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5249-563X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minna","family":"Pirhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0273481.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-97-9-1150","article-title":"Host range and molecular phylogenies of the soft rot enterobacterial genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya","volume":"97","author":"B Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"pone.0273481.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.052944-0","article-title":"Dickeya solani sp. nov., a pectinolytic plant-pathogenic bacterium isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum)","volume":"64","author":"JM van der Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0273481.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-014-0523-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of Dickeya dianthicola and Dickeya solani in ornamental hosts and potato studied using variable number tandem repeat analysis","volume":"141","author":"N. 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