{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:09:24Z","timestamp":1792606164949,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> is a primary causative agent of chronic periodontitis. Moreover, it leads to several systemic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases. It seems that the development of a vaccine against this bacterium is necessary. Thus, this study decided to identify novel immunogenic targets and developed multiple epitope-based vaccines against <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic>. For this purpose, the pan\/core-proteome of this bacterium was studied, and the suitable vaccine targets were selected based on different properties, including exposed localization of proteins, antigenicity, non-allergenicity, non-similarity to host proteome, stability, B-cell epitopes and MHC II binding sites, sequence conservation, molecular docking, and immune simulation. Through the quartile scoring method, 12 proteins with \u2265 20 scores were considered as suitable immunogenic targets. The results of the protein domain and functional class search showed that most of the immunogenic proteins were involved in the transport and metabolism of inorganic ions and lipids. In addition, two unknown function proteins, including WP_004584259.1 and WP_099780539.1 were detected as immunogenic targets. Three constructions carrying multi-epitopes were generated including Naked, LCL, and as chimeric structures. Among them, FliC chimeric protein had the strongest affinity to the human TLR2, 4, and 6, while the LCL platform represented the highest level of immune stimulation response. The obtained results from this study revealed new insights into prophylactic routes against <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gingivalis<\/jats:italic> by introducing novel immunogenic targets. However, further investigations, including site-directed mutation and immunoassay are needed to confirm the pathogenic role and protectivity of these novel proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T18:16:43Z","timestamp":1661883403000},"page":"e0273770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Reverse vaccinology approach to identify novel and immunogenic targets against Porphyromonas gingivalis: An in silico study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Omid","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Hajihassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narjes","family":"Noori Goodarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sepideh","family":"Fereshteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Bolourchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Firoozeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3502-147X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farzad","family":"Badmasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273770.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563405","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2018.1563405","article-title":"Assessing the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis to determine a causative relationship with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"SK Singhrao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of oral microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0273770.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.30","article-title":"Genetic diversity in the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: molecular mechanisms and biological consequences","volume":"8","author":"GD Tribble","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0273770.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00197","article-title":"Manipulation of neutrophils by Porphyromonas gingivalis in the development of periodontitis","volume":"7","author":"M Sochalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273770.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1819423","article-title":"Proteome-wide mapping and reverse vaccinology-based B and T cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine designing for immune response reinforcement against Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"40","author":"S Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273770.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2014.1000764","article-title":"Association of the invasion ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis with the severity of periodontitis","volume":"6","author":"KJ Baek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273770.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300366","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2017.1300366","article-title":"New approaches to combat Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms","volume":"9","author":"E Gerits","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of oral microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0273770.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.2002.170501.x","article-title":"Susceptibility of Porphyromonas gingivalis in biofilms to amoxicillin, doxycycline and metronidazole","volume":"17","author":"T. 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