{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:54:00Z","timestamp":1793058840593,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012285","name":"bc children\u2019s hospital research institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012285","name":"bc children\u2019s hospital research institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011606","name":"mach-gaensslen foundation of canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"michael smith foundation for health research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A wealth of human and experimental studies document a causal and aggravating role of iron deficiency in neurodevelopmental disorders. While pre-, peri-, and early postnatal iron deficiency sets the stage for the risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders, iron deficiency acquired at later ages aggravates pre-existing neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet, the association of iron deficiency and neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence has not yet been explored comprehensively.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>In this scoping review, we investigate 1) the association of iron deficiency in children and adolescents with the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders, ADHD, ASD, and FASD, and 2) whether iron supplementation improves outcomes in these disorders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Scoping review of studies published between 1994 and 2021 using \u201ciron deficiency \/ iron deficiency anemia\u201d AND \u201cADHD\u201d OR \u201cautism\u201d OR \u201cFASD\u201d in four biomedical databases. The main inclusion criterion was that articles needed to have quantitative determination of iron status at any postnatal age with primary iron markers such as serum ferritin being reported in association with ADHD, ASD, or FASD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For ADHD, 22\/30 studies and 4\/4 systematic reviews showed an association of ADHD occurrence or severity with iron deficiency; 6\/6 treatment studies including 2 randomized controlled trials demonstrated positive effects of iron supplementation. For ASD, 3\/6 studies showed an association with iron deficiency, while 3\/6 and 1\/1 systematic literature review did not; 4 studies showed a variety of prevalence rates of iron deficiency in ASD populations; 1 randomized controlled trial found no positive effect of iron supplementation on behavioural symptoms of ASD. For FASD, 2\/2 studies showed an association of iron deficiency with growth retardation in infants and children with prenatal alcohol exposure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Evidence in favor of screening for iron deficiency and using iron supplementation for pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders comes primarily from ADHD studies and needs to be further investigated for ASD and FASD. Further analysis of study methodologies employed and populations investigated is needed to compare studies against each other and further substantiate the evidence created.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T18:59:58Z","timestamp":1664477998000},"page":"e0273819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Iron deficiency and common neurodevelopmental disorders\u2014A scoping 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