{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:56:41Z","timestamp":1790834201626,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PROCIENCIA","award":["08-2018-FONDECYT\/BM-Programas de Doctorados en \u00c1reas Estrat\u00e9gicas y Generales"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08-2018-FONDECYT\/BM-Programas de Doctorados en \u00c1reas Estrat\u00e9gicas y Generales"]}]},{"name":"International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) program","award":["U19AI089681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089681"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND)","award":["S\/N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S\/N"]}]},{"name":"Western Pacific and WHO\/Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)","award":["S\/N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S\/N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been evaluated in the Peruvian Amazon region and their performance has been variable. This region is known for being the first with documented evidence of wild <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasites lacking <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> genes, leading to false-positive results with HRP2-based RDTs. In our attempt to further characterize the deletion pattern of these genes and their evolutionary relationship, 93 <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> samples, collected in different communities from the Peruvian Amazon region between 2009 and 2010, were analyzed in this study. Genomic DNA was used to amplify 18S rRNA, <jats:italic>pfmsp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfglurp<\/jats:italic> to confirm the diagnosis and DNA quality, respectively; <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic>, and their flanking genes were amplified by PCR to assess the pattern of the gene deletions. In addition, microsatellite analysis were performed using seven neutral microsatellites (MS) and five microsatellite loci flanking <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>. The data showed the absence of <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> gene in 53.76% (50\/93) of the samples, reflecting a higher frequency than the proportion of <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> gene deletions (33.33%; 31\/93). Among the flanking genes, the highest frequency of deletion was observed in the PF3D7_0831900 gene (78.49%; 73\/93) for <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>. MS marker analysis showed the presence of 8 <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> lineages. The lineage Bv1 was the most prevalent among parasites lacking <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> genes. Additionally, using MS flanking <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> gene, the haplotypes \u03b1 and \u03b4 were found to be the most abundant in this region. This study confirms the presence in this area of field isolates with deletions in either <jats:italic>pfhrp2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic>, or both genes, along with their respective flanking regions. Our data suggest that some <jats:italic>pfhrp2\/pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> deletion haplotypes, in special the lineage Bv1, are widely dispersed within the Peruvian Amazon. The persistence of these haplotypes ensures a proportion of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasites lacking the <jats:italic>pfhrp2\/pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> genes in this area, which ultimately leads to false-negative results on PfHRP2-detecting malaria RDTs. However, additional studies are needed to not only confirm this hypothesis but also to further delineate the origin and genetic basis for the <jats:italic>pfhrp2-<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> gene deletions in wild <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T18:31:33Z","timestamp":1669141893000},"page":"e0273872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Geographical distribution and genetic characterization of pfhrp2 negative Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the Peruvian 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