{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:58:24Z","timestamp":1789624704598,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022370","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/S001050\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/S001050\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.310343\/2018-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.310343\/2018-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Newton","award":["NAFR12\\1020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAFR12\\1020"]}]},{"name":"Newton","award":["NAFR12\\1020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAFR12\\1020"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development"},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development"},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior, Programa Institucional de Internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["88887.696831\/2022-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.696831\/2022-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interventions that combine cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with unconditional cash transfers (UCT) reduce the risk of antisocial behavior (ASB), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this paper, we test the role of psychological and cognitive mechanisms in explaining this effect. We assessed the mediating role of executive function, self-control, and time preferences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from the Sustainable Transformation of Youth in Liberia, a community-based randomized controlled trial of criminally engaged men. The men were randomized into: Group-1: control (n = 237); and Group-2: CBT+UCT (n = 207). ASB was measured 12\u201313 months after the interventions were completed, and the following mediators were assessed 2\u20135 weeks later: (i) self-control, (ii) time preferences and (iii) executive functions. We estimated the natural direct effect (NDE) and the natural indirect effect (NIE) of the intervention over ASB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-control, time preferences and a weighted index of all three mediators were associated with ASB scores, but the intervention influenced time preferences only [B = 0.09 95%CI (0.03; 0.15)]. There was no evidence that the effect of the intervention on ASB was mediated by self-control [B<jats:sub>NIE<\/jats:sub>= 0.007 95%CI (-0.01; 0.02)], time preferences [B<jats:sub>NIE<\/jats:sub>= -0.02 95%CI (-0.05; 0.01)], executive functions [B<jats:sub>NIE<\/jats:sub>= 0.002 95%CI (-0.002; 0.006)] or the weighted index of the mediators [B<jats:sub>NIE<\/jats:sub>= -0.0005 95%CI (-0.03; 0.02)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>UCT and CBT lead to improvements in ASB, even in the absence of mediation via psychological and cognitive functions. Findings suggest that the causal mechanisms may involve non-psychological pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T17:33:45Z","timestamp":1679074425000},"page":"e0273891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Combining cash transfers and cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce antisocial behavior in young men: A mediation analysis of a randomized controlled trial in Liberia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4690-5791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marina Xavier","family":"Carpena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane Silvestre","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5264-5914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian","family":"Loret de Mola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Hessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Avendano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Evans-Lacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Matijasevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0273891.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00014-3","article-title":"Antisocial behavioral syndromes among residential drug abuse treatment clients","volume":"49","author":"RB Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol 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