{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:52:31Z","timestamp":1790790751841,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007620","name":"Department of Education of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCRW2020007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCRW2020007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Liaoning Social Science Program","award":["L19BSZ010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L19BSZ010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Medical students are vulnerable to anxiety. Identifying its key influencing factors can potentially benefit both students and their future patients. Trait emotional intelligence (EI) and perceived stress may play important roles in anxiety. The main objective of this study was to examine the associations between trait EI, perceived stress and anxiety among Chinese medical students.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Self-report questionnaires, consisting of the Chinese versions of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form, the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and demographic section were distributed to 1500 students at three medical universities in China. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between trait EI, perceived stress and anxiety. Asymptotic and resampling strategies were utilized to examine the mediating effect of perceived stress.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total number of 1388 medical students became final participants. After adjustment for demographics, while trait EI was strongly and negatively associated with anxiety, accounting for 21.1% of its variance, perceived stress was strongly and positively related to anxiety, explaining an additional 10.0% of the variance. Stress appeared to have a mediating effect on the association between trait EI and anxiety in students with high and moderate levels of stress, but not in low stress group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Both constructs of trait EI and perceived stress could be of vital importance to understand anxiety in medical students. Evidence-based strategies to enhance trait EI and reduce perceived stress might be undertaken to prevent and treat anxiety in the students.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T17:40:24Z","timestamp":1662054024000},"page":"e0273950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Associations of trait emotional intelligence and stress with anxiety in Chinese medical students"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XiaoShi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4318-3869","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"TianJiao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0273950.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152735","article-title":"The global prevalence of anxiety among medical students: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"TT Quek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0273950.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713003243","article-title":"The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010","volume":"44","author":"AJ Baxter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref003","first-page":"55","article-title":"Psychiatric emergencies (part I): psychiatric disorders causing organic symptoms","volume":"17","author":"A Testa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470547017703993","DOI":"10.1177\/2470547017703993","article-title":"The neurobiological mechanisms of generalized anxiety disorder and chronic stress","volume":"1","author":"MA Patriquin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronic Stress"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0273950.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2010.03709.x","article-title":"Emotional intelligence in medicine: a systematic review through the context of the ACGME competencies","volume":"44","author":"S Arora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0273950.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.05.029","article-title":"A comprehensive meta-analysis of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health","volume":"49","author":"A Martins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2704.001.0001","volume-title":"Emotional intelligence: science and myth","author":"G Matthews","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-010-9199-0","article-title":"Emotional intelligence in social phobia and other anxiety disorders","volume":"33","author":"LJ Summerfeldt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273950.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1348\/000712606X120618","article-title":"The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space","volume":"98","author":"KV Petrides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref010","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Series in affective science. The science of emotional intelligence: knowns and unknowns","author":"KV Petrides","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829084","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.829084","article-title":"Trait emotional intelligence in surgeons","volume":"13","author":"KV Petrides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273950.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5023","article-title":"The role of trait emotional intelligence in quality of life, anxiety and depression symptoms after surgery for esophageal or gastric cancer: a French national database FREGAT","volume":"28","author":"AS Baudry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00567","article-title":"Facing anxiety, growing up. Trait emotional intelligence as a mediator of the relationship between self-esteem and university anxiety","volume":"10","author":"R Guil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273950.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2020-0171","article-title":"Associations between stress, anxiety, depression, and emotional intelligence among osteopathic medical students","volume":"121","author":"NA Doyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Osteopath Med"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4038\/seajme.v12i2.49","article-title":"Emotional intelligence of medical students and its association with their psychological health","volume":"12","author":"R Mahaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"South-East Asian J Med Educ"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110038","article-title":"Invariance of the trait emotional intelligence construct across populations and sociodemographic variables","volume":"169","author":"PA P\u00e9rez-D\u00edaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.01.053","article-title":"A cross-cultural investigation of trait emotional intelligence in Hong Kong and the UK","volume":"65","author":"E G\u00f6k\u00e7en","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273950.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/per.466","article-title":"Trait emotional intelligence: behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction","volume":"17","author":"KV Petrides","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pers"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref019","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: the exercise of control","author":"A. Bandura","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273950.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2017.1340451","article-title":"The importance of trait emotional intelligence and feelings in the prediction of perceived and biological stress in adolescents: hierarchical regressions and fsQCA models","volume":"20","author":"L Villanueva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273950.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12116","DOI":"10.1111\/jabr.12116","article-title":"High trait emotional intelligence in men: beneficial for perceived stress levels but disadvantageous for the physiological response to acute stressors?","volume":"23","author":"LI Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Behav Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273950.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-017-0979-z","article-title":"Longitudinal predictive validity of emotional intelligence on first year medical students perceived stress","volume":"17","author":"R Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0273950.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31822bd7aa","article-title":"Emotional intelligence and stress in medical students performing surgical tasks.","volume":"86","author":"S Arora","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"8\u201310","key":"pone.0273950.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.07.009","article-title":"The moderating impact of emotional intelligence on free cortisol responses to stress","volume":"32","author":"M Mikolajczak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273950.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2002.66.1.tb03510.x","article-title":"Effect of perceived stress on student performance in dental school","volume":"66","author":"AE Sanders","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273950.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000372","article-title":"The impact of life stress on adult depression and anxiety is dependent on gender and timing of exposure","volume":"29","author":"CE Herbison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273950.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/2372732216685333","article-title":"Treating chronic stress to address the growing problem of depression and anxiety: biofeedback and mindfulness as simple, effective preventive measures","volume":"4","author":"PR Steffen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/jocc.12107","article-title":"Contemporary college student anxiety: the role of academic distress, financial stress, and support","volume":"21","author":"PJ Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Coll Couns"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0273950.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000018806687","article-title":"Financial stress, social supports, gender, and anxiety during college: a stress-buffering perspective","volume":"46","author":"Lam CK Tran AGTT","year":"2018","journal-title":"Couns Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.04.021","article-title":"Stress, anxiety, and dendritic spines: what are the connections?","volume":"251","author":"B Leuner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0273950.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273950.ref032","first-page":"200","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a generalized anxiety disorder scale in general hospital outpatients","volume":"22","author":"X He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref033","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Assessing emotional intelligence","author":"Springer","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00435","article-title":"An investigation of the psychometric properties of the Chinese Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Short Form (Chinese TEIQue-SF)","volume":"10","author":"A Feher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273950.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2015.1084630","article-title":"The incremental validity of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"F Andrei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273950.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"S Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-513","article-title":"Three versions of Perceived Stress Scale: validation in a sample of Chinese cardiac patients who smoke","volume":"10","author":"DY Leung","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0273950.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0189543","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189543","article-title":"Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale-10: a psychometric study in Chinese university students","volume":"12","author":"W Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0273950.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","article-title":"Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models","volume":"40","author":"KJ Preacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00160","article-title":"Integrating emotion regulation and emotional intelligence traditions: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"A Pe\u00f1a-Sarrionandia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.12.001","article-title":"Sensitive but not sentimental: emotionally intelligent people can put their emotions aside when necessary","volume":"52","author":"M Mikolajczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref042","volume-title":"Stress, appraisal, and coping","author":"Springer","year":"1984"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.12.012","article-title":"Trait emotional intelligence and the cognitive appraisal of stressful events: an exploratory study","volume":"44","author":"M Mikolajczak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273950.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073916650493","article-title":"Developments in trait emotional intelligence research","volume":"8","author":"KV Petrides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emot Rev"},{"key":"pone.0273950.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091520","article-title":"Coping resources, coping processes, and mental health","volume":"3","author":"SE Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0273950.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008221","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008221","article-title":"Patient-physician mistrust and violence against physicians in Guangdong Province, China: a qualitative study","volume":"5","author":"JD Tucker","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0273950.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200209000-00024","article-title":"Depressed medical students\u2019 use of mental health services and barriers to use","volume":"77","author":"JL Givens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273950.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.1.1","article-title":"Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"132","author":"BW Roberts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273950.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073917708613","article-title":"How efficient are emotional intelligence trainings: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"S Hodzic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emot Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273950.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073917735902","article-title":"Improving emotional intelligence: a systematic review of existing work and future challenges","volume":"11","author":"I Kotsou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emot Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0273950.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023047","article-title":"Emotional plasticity: conditions and effects of improving emotional competence in adulthood","volume":"96","author":"I Kotsou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0273950.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0495","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"A Chiesa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0273950.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(03)00573-7","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"P Grossman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0273950.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-018-09427-7","article-title":"Combining biofeedback with stress management interventions: a systematic review of physiological and psychological effects","volume":"44","author":"NAJ De Witte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0273950.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001003","article-title":"The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback training on stress and anxiety: a meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"VC Goessl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0273950","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T17:41:57Z","timestamp":1662054117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0273950"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pablo Alejandro","family":"P\u00e9rez D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0273950","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}