{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T06:44:58Z","timestamp":1786171498506,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungi of the genus<jats:italic>Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>have been marketed for the management of diseases of crops. However, some<jats:italic>Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>species may produce toxic secondary metabolites and it should receive due attention to ensure human safety. In this study, we investigated the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>antagonistic potential of<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>asperellum<\/jats:italic>AU131 and<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>longibrachiatum<\/jats:italic>AU158 as microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) against<jats:italic>Fusarium xylarioides<\/jats:italic>and the associated antagonistic mechanism with bioactive substances. Swiss albino mice were used to evaluate the<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>toxicity and pathogenicity of<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>asperellum<\/jats:italic>AU131 and<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>longibrachiatum<\/jats:italic>AU158 methanolic extracts and spore suspensions, respectively, in a preliminary safety assessment for use as biofungicides. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to profile volatile organic metabolites (VOCs) present in the methanolic extracts. The agar diffusion assay of the methanolic extracts from both<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>asperellum<\/jats:italic>AU131 and<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>longibrachiatum<\/jats:italic>AU158 were effective at a concentration of 200 \u03bcg\/mL (1\u00d710<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>spores\/mL), causing 62.5%, and 74.3% inhibition, respectively. A GC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts from both bioagents identified 23 VOCs which classified as alcohols, acids, sesquiterpenes, ketones and aromatic compounds. The oral administration of methanolic extracts and spore suspensions of each<jats:italic>Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>species to female Swiss albino mice over 14 days did not show any significant signs of toxicity, mortality or changes to body weight. It can be concluded that the tested spore suspensions and methanolic extracts were not pathogenic or toxic, respectively, when administered to Swiss albino mice at various doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T18:04:23Z","timestamp":1663956263000},"page":"e0274062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Antifungal compounds, GC-MS analysis and toxicity assessment of methanolic extracts of Trichoderma species in an animal model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9561-3157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Afrasa","family":"Mulatu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negussie","family":"Megersa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teshome","family":"Tolcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfaye","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh R.","family":"Vetukuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0274062.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.01.005","article-title":"Ecosystem simplification, biodiversity loss and plant virus emergence","volume":"10","author":"MJ Roossinck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr opin Virol"},{"key":"pone.0274062.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2017.11.012","article-title":"Emerging microbial biocontrol strategies for plant pathogens","volume":"267","author":"SFS Ab Rahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Sci"},{"key":"pone.0274062.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00813","article-title":"Trichoderma atroviride P1 Colonization of Tomato Plants Enhances Both Direct and Indirect Defense Barriers Against Insects","volume":"10","author":"M. 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