{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:28:49Z","timestamp":1777908529248,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61673086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61673086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Project for the Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development of Sichuan Province","award":["2021ZYD0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZYD0029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Predicting the admission scores of colleges and universities is significant for high school graduates in the College Entrance Examination in China (which is also called \u201cGaokao\u201d for short). The practice of parallel application for the students after Gaokao not only puts forward a question about how students could make the best of their scores and make the best choice, but also results in the strong competition among different colleges and universities, with the institutions all striving to admit high-performing students in this examination. However, existing prevailing prediction algorithms and models of the admission score of the colleges and universities based on machine learning methods do not take such competitive relationship into consideration, but simply make predictions for individual college or university, causing low predication accuracy and poor generalization capability. This paper intends to analyze such competitive relationship by extracting the important features (e.g., project, location and score discrepancy) of colleges and universities. A novel competition model incorporating the coarse clustering is thus proposed to make the predictions for colleges and universities in a same cluster. By using Gaokao data of Shanxi province in China from 2016 to 2019, we testify the proposed model in comparison with several benchmark methods. The experimental results show that the precision within the error of 3 points and 5 points are 7.3% and 2.8% higher respectively than the second-best algorithm. It has proven that the competition model has the capability to fit the competitive relationship, thus improving the predication accuracy to a large extent. Theoretically, the method proposed could provide a more advanced and comprehensive view about the analysis of factors that may influence the admission score of higher institutions. Practically, the model proposed with high accuracy could help the students make the best of their scores and apply for the college and universities more scientifically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T17:23:42Z","timestamp":1666977822000},"page":"e0274221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A competition model for prediction of admission scores of colleges and universities in Chinese college entrance examination"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yachun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2089-5150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shimin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0274221.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.35520\/diadorim.2019.v21nEspa27418","article-title":"Gaokao: Far More Than an Exam","volume":"21","author":"MDJ Pires","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Diadorim"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0274221.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2019.1684879","article-title":"Comparison of Chinese Gaokao and Western University Undergraduate Admission Criteria: Australian ATAR as an Example","volume":"39","author":"A Farley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Higher Education Research & Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0274221.ref003","first-page":"3","article-title":"Undergraduate Chinese Students\u2019 Perspectives on Gaokao Examination: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Implications","volume":"5","author":"A Muthanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Research Studies in Education"},{"key":"pone.0274221.ref004","unstructured":"Cheng G, Zhu W, Wang Z, Chen J, Qu Y. 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