{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T02:55:22Z","timestamp":1769828122282,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted mental health outcomes. While the frequency of anxiety and depressive symptoms has increased in the whole population, the relationship between COVID-19 and new psychiatric diagnoses remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To compare the population incidence rate of emergence of <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> psychiatric disorders in 2020 compared to the previous years, and to compare the incidence rate of new psychiatric disorder diagnoses between people with vs without COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Design, setting, and participants<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study utilized administrative claims data from the Clinformatics\u00ae Data Mart database, licensed from Optum\u00ae. The study is a cross-sectional analysis that compared the incidence rate of new psychiatric disorders in 2020 vs. 2018 and 2019 in the entire insured population database. Subsequently, the incidence of new psychiatric disorders in people with vs. without COVID-19 during 2020 was analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The exposures included diagnosis and severity of COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Main outcomes measures<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The dependent variables of interest were the incidence rates of new psychiatric disorders, specifically schizophrenia spectrum disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec006\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The population studied included 10,463,672 US adults (mean age 52.83, 52% female) who were unique people for the year of 2020. Incidence of newly diagnosed psychiatric disorders per 1,000 individuals in the 2020 whole population were 28.81 (CI: 28.71, 28.92) for anxiety disorders, 1.04 (CI: 1.02, 1.06) for schizophrenia disorders, 0.42 (CI: 0.41, 0.43) for OCD and 28.85 (CI: 28.75, 28.95) for mood disorders. These rates were not significantly higher than 2018 or 2019. When comparing incidence rates between COVID-19 vs. non-COVID-19 populations in 2020, the rates were significantly higher in the COVID-19 population: 46.89 (CI: 46.24, 47.53) for anxiety, 49.31 (CI: 48.66, 49.97) for mood disorders, 0.57 (CI: 0.50, 0.65) for OCD, and 3.52 (CI: 3.34, 3.70) for schizophrenia. COVID-19 severity was significantly associated with new diagnoses of schizophrenia, anxiety and mood disorders in multivariate analyses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec007\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Compared to 2018 and 2019, in 2020 there was no increased incidence of new psychiatric disorders in the general population based on insurance claims data. Importantly, people with COVID-19 were more likely to be diagnosed with a new psychiatric disorder, most notably disorders with psychosis, indicating a potential association between COVID-19 and mental\/brain health.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T17:55:28Z","timestamp":1663869328000},"page":"e0274330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Incidence rate of psychiatric disorders in 2020: The pivotal role played by SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9621-5422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonio L.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina M.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Wozny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline M.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Machado-Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lokesh","family":"Shahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jair C.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6740-4734","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Trudy M.","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0274330.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00241","article-title":"Economic Consequences of the COVID-19 Outbreak: the Need for Epidemic Preparedness","volume":"8","author":"A Pak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0274330.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565190","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.565190","article-title":"Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak Quarantine, Isolation, and Lockdown Policies on Mental Health and Suicide","volume":"12","author":"B Ganesan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"pone.0274330.ref003","article-title":"Overview of behavioural and psychological consequences of COVID 19","author":"K Kendrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0274330.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.050","article-title":"Government response moderates the mental health impact of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of depression outcomes across countries","volume":"290","author":"Y Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0274330.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.025","article-title":"How stress physically re-shapes the brain: Impact on brain cell shapes, numbers and connections in psychiatric disorders","volume":"124","author":"D Kaul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0274330.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017","article-title":"Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic","volume":"383","author":"B Pfefferbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0274330.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science","volume":"7","author":"EA Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0274330.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10701-3","article-title":"History for some or lesson for all? 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