{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:06:20Z","timestamp":1792713980189,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16\/02058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/02058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mentalization or reflective functioning (RF) is the capacity to interpret oneself or the others in terms of internal mental states. Its failures have been linked to several mental disorders and interventions improving RF have a therapeutic effect. Mentalizing capacity of the parents influences the children\u2019s attachment. The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8) is a widely used tool for the assessment of RF. No instrument is available to assess general RF in Spanish-speaking samples. The aim of this study is to develop a Spanish version of the RFQ-8 and to evaluate its reliability and validity in the general population and in individuals with personality disorders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>602 non-clinical and 41 personality disordered participants completed a Spanish translation of the RFQ and a battery of self-reported questionnaires assessing several RF related constructs (alexithymia, perspective taking, identity diffusion and mindfulness), psychopathology (general and specific) and interpersonal problems. Temporal stability was tested in a non-clinical sub-sample of 113 participants.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a one-factor structure in the Spanish version of the RFQ-8. RFQ-8 understood as a single scale was tested, with low scorings reflecting genuine mentalizing, and high scorings uncertainty. The questionnaire showed good internal consistence in both samples and moderate temporal stability in non-clinical sample. RFQ correlated significantly with identity diffusion, alexithymia, and general psychopathology in both samples; and with mindfulness, perspective taking, and interpersonal problems in clinical sample. Mean values of the scale were significantly higher in the clinical group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study provides evidence that the Spanish version of the RFQ-8, understood as a single scale, has an adequate reliability and validity assessing failures in reflective functioning (i.e., hypomentalization) in general population and personality disorders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T17:52:36Z","timestamp":1680803556000},"page":"e0274378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Spanish version of the reflective functioning questionnaire: Validity data in the general population and individuals with personality disorders"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9757-2472","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ruiz-Parra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Manzano-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6411-9439","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roberto","family":"Mediavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6152-3564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Lahera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana I.","family":"Moreno-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto M.","family":"Torres-Cantero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Rodado-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2202-0753","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amaia","family":"Bilbao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4017-2785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0274378.ref001","volume-title":"Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self","author":"P Fonagy","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0274378.ref002","volume-title":"A practical guide","author":"A Bateman","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0274378.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.01.017","article-title":"Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits","volume":"50","author":"C Sharp","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0274378.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145892","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145892","article-title":"The French version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire: validity data for adolescents and adults and its association with non-suicidal self-injury","volume":"10","author":"D Badoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0274378.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09040539","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of outpatient mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for borderline personality disorder","volume":"166","author":"A Bateman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0274378.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0355(199123)12:3<201::AID-IMHJ2280120307>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"The capacity for understanding mental states: the reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment","volume":"12","author":"P Fonagy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"pone.0274378.ref007","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice.","author":"P Luyten","year":"2019"},{"issue":"127","key":"pone.0274378.ref008","first-page":"487","article-title":"Garc\u00eda L\u00f3pez de Arenosa A, Mass Hesse J, Fern\u00e1ndez Liria A. 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