{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:43:48Z","timestamp":1784259828828,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009823","name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W-160-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W-160-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G19AC00394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G19AC00394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal prion disease affecting cervids (deer, elk, moose). Current methods to monitor individual disease state include highly invasive antemortem rectal biopsy or postmortem brain biopsy. Efficient, sensitive, and selective antemortem and postmortem testing of populations would increase knowledge of the dynamics of CWD epizootics as well as provide a means to track CWD progression into previously unaffected areas. Here, we analyzed the presence of CWD prions in skin samples from two easily accessed locations (ear and belly) from 30 deceased white-tailed deer (<jats:italic>Odocoileus viginianus<\/jats:italic>). The skin samples were enzymatically digested and analyzed by real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). The diagnostic sensitivity of the ear and belly skin samples were both 95%, and the diagnostic specificity of the ear and belly skin were both 100%. Additionally, the location of the skin biopsy on the ear does not affect specificity or sensitivity. These results demonstrate the efficacy of CWD diagnosis with skin biopsies using RT-QuIC. This method could be useful for large scale antemortem population testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T18:24:19Z","timestamp":1668623059000},"page":"e0274531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Diagnostic testing of chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by RT-QuIC using multiple tissues"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6278-8492","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kate R.","family":"Burgener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2445-8927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stuart S.","family":"Lichtenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Lomax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Storm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3918-1860","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joel A.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0274531.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6801762","article-title":"Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie","volume":"216","author":"SB Prusiner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(99)90067-1","article-title":"Inactivation of prions by physical and chemical means","volume":"43","author":"DM Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref003","first-page":"3418","article-title":"New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600\u00b0C suggests an inorganic template of replication","volume":"97","author":"P Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6155","DOI":"10.1021\/es040301z","article-title":"Infectivity Studies of Both Ash and Air Emissions from Simulated Incineration of Scrapie- Contaminated Tissues","volume":"38","author":"P Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-16.1.89","article-title":"CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE OF CAPTIVE MULE DEER: A SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY1","volume":"16","author":"ES WILLIAMS","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref006","unstructured":"USDA APHIS | Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). [cited 17 Jun 2021]. Available: https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/aphis\/ourfocus\/animalhealth\/nvap\/NVAP-Reference-Guide\/Control-and-Eradication\/Chronic-Wasting-Disease."},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712453582","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of rectal mucosa biopsy testing for chronic wasting disease within white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herds in North America: Effects of age, sex, polymorphism at PRNP codon 96, and disease progression","volume":"24","author":"BV Thomsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J VET Diagn Invest"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth0308-211","article-title":"Simplified ultrasensitive prion detection by recombinant PrP conversion with shaking","volume":"5","author":"R Atarashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2010.04.001","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of Thioflavin-T binding to amyloid fibrils","volume":"1804","author":"M Biancalana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)\u2014Proteins and Proteomics"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075601","DOI":"10.1088\/1612-202X\/ab2244","article-title":"Free and bound Thioflavin T molecules with ultrafast relaxation: implications for assessment of protein binding and aggregation","volume":"16","author":"NR Rovnyagina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laser Phys Lett"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004983","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004983","article-title":"Bank Vole Prion Protein As an Apparently Universal Substrate for RT-QuIC-Based Detection and Discrimination of Prion Strains","volume":"11","author":"CD Orr\u00fa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref012","first-page":"185","article-title":"RT-QuIC Assays for Prion Disease Detection and Diagnostics","volume-title":"Prions: Methods and Protocols.","author":"Springer","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref013","unstructured":"The Ecology of Prions. In: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews [Internet]. [cited 17 Jun 2021]. Available: https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1128\/MMBR.00001-17."},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.06.012","article-title":"Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005\u20132011","volume":"128","author":"KM Olszowy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref015","article-title":"Spongiform encephalopathies in Cervidae.","author":"E Williams","year":"1992","journal-title":"Revue scientifique et technique"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref016","volume":"13","author":"KR Witkowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"CWD Transmission Reduction Recommendations"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23029","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909322116","article-title":"Million-fold sensitivity enhancement in proteopathic seed amplification assays for biospecimens by Hofmeister ion comparisons","volume":"116","author":"MA Metrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87295-8","article-title":"Detection of chronic wasting disease in mule and white-tailed deer by RT-QuIC analysis of outer ear.","volume":"11","author":"NC Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08130-9","article-title":"Early preclinical detection of prions in the skin of prion-infected animals","volume":"10","author":"Z Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052707499","article-title":"Prions in skeletal muscle","volume":"99","author":"PJ Bosque","year":"2002","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.069906-0","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of prion infectivity in tissues and body fluids by real-time quaking-induced conversion","volume":"96","author":"DM Henderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref022","first-page":"e02095","article-title":"Prion Seeds Distribute throughout the Eyes of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients.","volume":"9","author":"CD Orr\u00f9","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0166187","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166187","article-title":"Early and Non-Invasive Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Elk Feces by Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion","volume":"11","author":"YC Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref024","unstructured":"Detection of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Salivary, Urinary, and Intestinal Tissues of Deer: Potential Mechanisms of Prion Shedding and Transmission. In: Journal of Virology [Internet]. [cited 17 Jun 2021]. Available: https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1128\/JVI.00425-11."},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000845","article-title":"Temporal patterns of chronic wasting disease prion excretion in three cervid species","volume":"98","author":"IH Plummer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref026","first-page":"3","article-title":"Accumulation of Pathological Prion Protein PrPSc in the Skin of Animals with Experimental and Natural Scrapie.","author":"A Thomzig","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51000","article-title":"Detection of prions in skin punch biopsies of Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease patients","volume":"7","author":"A Mammana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref028","first-page":"194","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease Diagnostic Discrepancies: The Importance of Testing Both Medial Retropharyngeal Lymph Nodes","volume":"57","author":"J Bloodgood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0221654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221654","article-title":"Detection of CWD in cervids by RT-QuIC assay of third eyelids","volume":"14","author":"SK Cooper","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref030","unstructured":"Wisconsin Department of Recources\u2019 Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol: 16-Storm-01. ACUC."},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref031","first-page":"515","article-title":"Concordance Analysis.","volume":"108","author":"R Kwiecien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429258589","volume-title":"Practical Statistics for Medical Research","author":"DG Altman","year":"1990"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0216621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216621","article-title":"Comparison of conventional, amplification and bio-assay detection methods for a chronic wasting disease inoculum pool","volume":"14","author":"E McNulty","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0228327","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228327","article-title":"Progression of chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer analyzed by serial biopsy RT-QuIC and immunohistochemistry","volume":"15","author":"DM Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref035","first-page":"173","article-title":"Systematic review of management strategies to control chronic wasting disease in wild deer populations","volume":"12","author":"FD Uehlinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"North America. BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(92)90403-8","article-title":"Airborne particle sizes and sources found in indoor air","volume":"26","author":"MK Owen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment Part A General Topics"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref037","author":"A Aarnink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Processes and factors affecting dust emissions from livestock production"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref038","unstructured":"Aerosol Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease in White-Tailed Deer. In: Journal of Virology [Internet]. [cited 17 Jun 2021]. Available: https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1128\/JVI.02852-12."},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0176-1","article-title":"Circulation of prions within dust on a scrapie affected farm","volume":"46","author":"KC Gough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"pone.0274531.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/03949370.2016.1179683","article-title":"Parasitism and grooming behavior of a natural white-tailed deer population in Alabama","volume":"29","author":"KB Heine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0274531","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T18:24:46Z","timestamp":1668623086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0274531"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Byron","family":"Caughey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0274531","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]}}}