{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:55:55Z","timestamp":1787846155654,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PJT-173325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-173325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015741","name":"Kids Brain Health Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950-232664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012204","name":"Sinneave Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Persons with disability (PWD) experience disproportionately high poverty rates in Canada. This trend is apparent especially among youth compared to those who develop disabilities later in life. PWD in poverty have additional needs that increase barriers to full participation in society and translate to higher basic costs for daily living. Despite the existence of income assistance programs in Canada to mitigate income inequalities faced by PWDs, access to these programs can be limited.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe use of income assistance for young adults with disability in British Columbia for the development of potential approaches to improve realized access to these programs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using British Columbia linked administrative data. We described differences in income assistance use among PWD by the level of special education funding received during primary school education (from most to least; Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, Unfunded, and no special education) and family composition. We also provided longitudinal patterns of income assistance use.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 218,324 young adults, 88% received no special education, 0.1% used Level One, 1.6% used Level Two, 2.9% used Level Three, and 7.1% used Unfunded special education coding. Young adults with Level One special education funding had the highest rates of hospitalizations and continuing care, with no hospitalization due to homelessness. Those with Level Three special education coding had higher rates of hospitalization and hospitalization due to homelessness than Level Two young adults. When transitioning to adulthood initially, Level One and Two funded individuals used relatively more disability income assistance than individuals from the other funding levels. Nearly all BCEA users with higher funded special education codes used this disability-specific program, while lesser funded special education codes used the Temporary Assistance more frequently, for a longer duration and were more likely to be persistent Temporary Assistance users.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sustainable and reliable access to income assistance programs remains an issue across the heterogeneity of needs faced by young adults with disability.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T17:35:27Z","timestamp":1665164127000},"page":"e0274672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Income assistance use among young adults who were in British Columbia special education: A longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Craig William Michael","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7749-8586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew Joseph","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Tough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0722-5929","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer D.","family":"Zwicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0274672.ref001","volume-title":"SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES\u2014A Manual of Policies, Procedures and Guidelines","author":"British Columbia Ministry of Education","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref002","volume-title":"A demographic, employment and income profile of Canadians with disabilities aged 15 years and over, 2017","author":"S Morris","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref003","article-title":"Employment, Education, and Income for Canadians with Developmental Disability: Analysis from the 2017 Canadian Survey on Disability","author":"P Berrigan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.04.003","article-title":"Describing heterogeneity of unmet needs among adults with a developmental disability: An examination of the 2012 Canadian Survey on Disability","volume":"65","author":"J Zwicker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Research in developmental disabilities"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0274672.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000603","article-title":"Global action on the social determinants of health","volume":"3","author":"A Donkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ global health"},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref006","article-title":"The child-to-adult transition for Albertan youth with disabilities","author":"M Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"PolicyWise for Children & Families;PolicyWise for Children & Families;University of Calgary"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0274672.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2021.101118","article-title":"Cross-ministry data on service use and limitations faced by children in special education","volume":"14","author":"MJ Russell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disability and Health Journal"},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref008","author":"Nations U","year":"2017","journal-title":"Convention on rights of persons with disabilities: Concluding observations on the initial report of Canada"},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref009","author":"Statistics Canada\u2014Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division","year":"2008","journal-title":"Participation and Activity Limitation Survey 2006: A Profile of Education for Children with Disabilities in Canada"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0274672.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404058","article-title":"People with disabilities and social determinants of health discourses","volume":"102","author":"G. Wolbring","year":"2011","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref011","volume-title":"Options for a Refundable Disability Tax Credit for \u2018working age\u2019 persons","author":"M. Mendelson","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref012","author":"C Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Is the Market Basket Measure Suitable to Estimate Poverty Rates among Persons with Disability in Canada?"},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref013","unstructured":"$385 per month to a single person who is able to work + shelter max of $375 per month, must not have assets over $5000."},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref014","unstructured":"Pays $808 per month to singles plus coverage for supplements and medical services with an asset limit of $100,000."},{"key":"pone.0274672.ref015","article-title":"Looking into poverty: Income sources of poor people with disabilities in Canada","author":"C. 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