{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T15:02:29Z","timestamp":1792335749161,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PZ00P1_174082\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ00P1_174082\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018834","name":"Stiftung pro REHAB Basel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a broad range of known effects of animal contact on human mental and physical health. Neurological correlates of human interaction with animals have been sparsely investigated. We investigated changes in frontal brain activity in the presence of and during contact with a dog.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-one healthy individuals each participated in six sessions. In three sessions, participants had contact with a dog, and in three control sessions they interacted with a plush animal. Each session had five two-minute phases with increasing intensity of contact to the dog or plush animal from the first to the fourth phase. We measured oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total hemoglobin and oxygen saturation of the blood in the frontal lobe\/frontopolar area with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (SenSmart Model X-100) to assess brain activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In both conditions, the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin increased significantly from the first to the fourth phase by 2.78 \u03bcmol\/l (CI = 2.03\u20133.53,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Oxygenated hemoglobin concentration was 0.80 \u03bcmol\/l higher in the dog condition compared to in the control condition (CI = 0.27\u20131.33,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .004). Deoxygenated-hemoglobin concentration, total hemoglobin concentration, and oxygen saturation showed similar patterns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prefrontal brain activation in healthy subjects increased with the rise in interaction closeness with a dog or a plush animal. Moreover, interaction with a dog stimulated more brain activity compared to the control condition, suggesting that interactions with a dog can activate stronger attentional processes and elicit more emotional arousal than interacting with a nonliving stimulus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T13:23:46Z","timestamp":1664976226000},"page":"e0274833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effects of contact with a dog on prefrontal brain activity: A controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9072-8905","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rahel","family":"Marti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Petignat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentine L.","family":"Marcar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hattendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margret","family":"Hund-Georgiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7202-4816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karin","family":"Hediger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0274833.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2018.07.006","article-title":"A meta-analysis of animal assisted interventions targeting pain, anxiety and distress in medical settings","volume":"33","author":"TC Waite","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"key":"pone.0274833.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2009.01612.x","article-title":"The effects of animals on human health and well-being","volume":"65","author":"DL Wells","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"key":"pone.0274833.ref003","first-page":"54","article-title":"Efficacy of animal assisted therapy on people with mental disorders: an update on the evidence","volume":"59","author":"L Spattini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Psichiatr"},{"key":"pone.0274833.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2018.06.011","article-title":"Animal-assisted therapy in adults: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"JD Charry-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"key":"pone.0274833.ref005","first-page":"9","article-title":"health benefits of pet ownership for older adults","author":"M Cook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Grace Peterson Nurs Res Colloquium"},{"key":"pone.0274833.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2016.1262263","article-title":"Theories and possible processes of action in animal assisted interventions","volume":"21","author":"AM Beetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Dev Sci"},{"key":"pone.0274833.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00298","article-title":"Pet face: Mechanisms underlying human-animal relationships","volume":"7","author":"M Borgi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0274833.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2016.1191952","article-title":"Strategies to improve the evidence base of animal-assisted interventions","volume":"21","author":"AE Kazdin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Dev Sci"},{"key":"pone.0274833.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10060985","article-title":"current status of animal-assisted interventions in scientific literature: A Critical comment on their internal validity","volume":"10","author":"J. 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