{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:15:03Z","timestamp":1790691303980,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A number of modifiable risk factors have been designated as being causally related to cancer development. We aimed to estimate the percentage of incident cancer cases diagnosed in persons aged \u226525 years in Texas in 2015, overall and by race\/ethnicity, that were attributable to these modifiable risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We calculated population attributable fractions (PAFs) for cancers attributable to thirteen modifiable risk factors using prevalence data from the Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, as well as relative risks estimates from prior studies and cancer incidence data from the Texas Cancer Registry.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, 32.3% of all incident cancers (N = 33,416) in 2015 were attributable to modifiable risk factors. Men (35.1%) had a numerically higher overall PAF than women (29.5%). Tobacco smoking caused the highest proportion of cancers (18.4%), followed by overweight and obesity (6.6%) and excess alcohol consumption (2.9%). Non-Hispanic Blacks had a numerically higher overall PAF (36.8%) than non-Hispanic Whites (31.9%) and Hispanics (31.7%). Further, non-Hispanic Blacks had the highest combined PAFs for 85% of cancer sites analyzed, including lung\/bronchus and mouth\/pharynx\/larynx.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Modifiable risk factors cause about one third of cancers in Texas. Non-Hispanic Blacks are especially affected by an excessive preventable cancer burden.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T17:55:30Z","timestamp":1665683730000},"page":"e0274905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preventable causes of cancer in Texas by race\/ethnicity: Major modifiable risk factors in the population"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Franciska J.","family":"Gudenkauf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0084-5308","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron P.","family":"Thrift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0274905.ref001","article-title":"Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective","author":"World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuous Update Project Expert Report"},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref002","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. Monographs and Supplements Available Online. International Agency for Research on Cancer Website. https:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/monographs-and-supplements-available-online\/. Updated 2019. Accessed June 20, 2019."},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref003","article-title":"Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1999\u20132015, Featuring Cancer in Men and Women ages 20\u201349","author":"E Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref004","unstructured":"Cancer data have been provided by the Texas Cancer Registry, Cancer Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, 1100 West 49th Street, Austin, TX 78756, https:\/\/www.dshs.texas.gov\/tcr\/."},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref005","unstructured":"Site Recode ICD-O-3\/WHO 2008 Definition. National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program Website. https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/siterecode\/icdo3_dwhoheme\/index.html. Accessed June 17, 2019."},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref006","volume-title":"Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data","author":"Center for Health Statistics (CHS)","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref007","volume-title":"Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data","author":"Center for Health Statistics (CHS)","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref008","volume-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2005\u20132006"},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref009","volume-title":"National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2005\u20132006"},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref010","volume-title":"National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). 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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey DataU.","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1999\u20132000"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0274905.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0029-6","article-title":"The fraction of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 2015","volume":"118","author":"KF Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0274905.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7491","article-title":"Dietary Intake Among US Adults, 1999\u20132012","volume":"315","author":"CD Rehm","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0091-7","article-title":"Systematic review of time trends in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in China and the USA","volume":"8","author":"P Nagy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0274905.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12468","article-title":"Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to modifiable factors: introduction and overview","volume":"39","author":"DC Whiteman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0274905.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12450","article-title":"Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to the consumption of red and processed meat","volume":"39","author":"CM Nagle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0274905.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12449","article-title":"Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to inadequate consumption of fruit, non-starchy vegetables and dietary fibre","volume":"39","author":"CM Nagle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0274905.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e609","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30143-7","article-title":"Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2012: a synthetic analysis","volume":"4","author":"M Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0274905.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.489","article-title":"16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010","volume":"105","author":"DM Parkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0274905.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21440","article-title":"Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States","volume":"68","author":"F Islami","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0274905.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12471","article-title":"Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to modifiable factors: summary and conclusions","volume":"39","author":"DC Whiteman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0274905","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T17:55:58Z","timestamp":1665683758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0274905"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Maarit","family":"Laaksonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0274905","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]}}}