{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:51Z","timestamp":1787022111734,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005739","name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["s\/n"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["s\/n"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well known that the presence of comorbidities and age-related health issues may hide biochemical and metabolic features triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection and other diseases associated to hypoxia, as they are by themselves chronic inflammatory conditions that may potentially disturb metabolic homeostasis and thereby negatively impact on COVID-19 progression. To unveil the metabolic abnormalities inherent to hypoxemia caused by COVID-19, we here applied gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to analyze the main metabolic changes exhibited by a population of male patients less than 50 years of age with mild\/moderate and severe COVID-19 without pre-existing comorbidities known to predispose to life-threatening complications from this infection. Several differences in serum levels of particular metabolites between normal controls and patients with COVID-19 as well as between mild\/moderate and severe COVID-19 were identified. These included increased glutamic acid and reduced glutamine, cystine, threonic acid, and proline levels. In particular, using the entire metabolomic fingerprint obtained, we observed that glutamine\/glutamate metabolism was associated with disease severity as patients in the severe COVID-19 group presented the lowest and higher serum levels of these amino acids, respectively. These data highlight the hypoxia-derived metabolic alterations provoked by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the absence of pre-existing co-morbidities as well as the value of amino acid metabolism in determining reactive oxygen species recycling pathways, which when impaired may lead to increased oxidation of proteins and cell damage. They also provide insights on new supportive therapies for COVID-19 and other disorders that involve altered redox homeostasis and lower oxygen levels that may lead to better outcomes of disease severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T13:57:47Z","timestamp":1663682267000},"page":"e0274910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Metabolomics analysis identifies glutamic acid and cystine imbalances in COVID-19 patients without comorbid conditions. Implications on redox homeostasis and COVID-19 pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"P\u00e1ez-Franco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3755-662X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Maravillas-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy R.","family":"Mej\u00eda-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiram","family":"Torres-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-1079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karla M.","family":"Tamez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"P\u00e9rez-Fragoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Germ\u00e1n-Acacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ponce-de-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9532-3886","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ulloa-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0274910.ref001","first-page":"5","article-title":"COVID-19 infection alters kynurenine and fatty acid metabolism, correlating with IL-6 levels and renal status","author":"T Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"pone.0274910.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.016","article-title":"Omics-Driven Systems Interrogation of Metabolic Dysregulation in COVID-19 Pathogenesis","volume":"32","author":"JW Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"pone.0274910.ref003","article-title":"Proteomic and Metabolomic Characterization of COVID-19 Patient Sera","author":"B Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J."},{"key":"pone.0274910.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2021.100897","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress level: total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status and glutathione activity in patients with COVID-19","volume":"42","author":"B Karkhanei","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"pone.0274910.ref005","first-page":"6","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Associated with SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) Increases the Severity of the Lung Disease\u2014A Systematic Review","author":"D. 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