{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T19:31:23Z","timestamp":1783711883455,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attitudes toward immigrants can, to a large extent, be determined by certain macro contextual factors. This paper tests a number of proposed hypotheses to illustrate patterns of influence generated by economic and social globalization on perceived social distance relative to immigrants. The European Union (EU) constitutes an ideal study case as its Member States vary in exposure to globalization and attract immigrants from different countries of origin. We conduct a multilevel analysis combining individual level variables from Eurobarometer\u2019s recent dataset collected in 2017 and country-level variables from KOF of Globalization Index and other major sources. The results show that individuals in countries with higher degrees of social globalization have lower levels of social distance toward immigrants, while relative level of economic globalization has scant influence. Contact factors are also evaluated for their potential effects. Both casual and close contacts, as specified, reduce social distance. This study contributes to migration studies by offering a clearer specification of how social, rather than economic, globalization interact with contact factors to decrease one\u2019s perceived distance from immigrants in the EU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T17:35:38Z","timestamp":1664818538000},"page":"e0274988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Globalization and social distance: Multilevel analysis of attitudes toward immigrants in the European Union"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ming-Chang","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9606-1611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rueyling","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0274988.ref001","first-page":"216","article-title":"Social Distance and its Origin","volume":"9","author":"ES Bogardus","year":"1925","journal-title":"J Appl Sociol"},{"key":"pone.0274988.ref002","first-page":"299","article-title":"Measuring Social Distance","volume":"9","author":"ES Bogardus","year":"1925","journal-title":"J Appl Sociol"},{"key":"pone.0274988.ref003","first-page":"402","volume-title":"The sociology of Georg Simmel","author":"G. 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