{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:06:06Z","timestamp":1791943566661,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008921","name":"Ministry of Agriculture - Saskatchewan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20170059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20170059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swine dysentery is causally associated with<jats:italic>Brachyspira hampsonii<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>hyodysenteriae<\/jats:italic>infection. Given the importance of transmission models in understanding re-emergent diseases and developing control strategies such as vaccines, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate two experimental natural transmission (seeder pig) models in grower pigs, each with 24 animals. Seeder pigs were intragastrically inoculated using broth cultures of either<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>hampsonii<\/jats:italic>strain 30446 (genomovar II) or<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>hyodysenteriae<\/jats:italic>strain G44. In trial 1, three seeder pigs were placed into two pens containing nine susceptible contact pigs creating a 1:3 seeder:contact ratio. This was sufficient to achieve natural<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>hampsonii<\/jats:italic>infection of 13\/18 (72%) contact pigs, however, the incidence of mucoid or mucohemorrhagic diarrhea (MMHD) in contact pigs differed significantly between pens (4\/9 versus 9\/9;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.03). In trial 2, eight seeder pigs inoculated intragastrically with<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>hampsonii<\/jats:italic>did not develop MMHD but when re-inoculated with<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>hyodysenteriae<\/jats:italic>14 days later, all developed mucohemorrhagic diarrhea within 13 days of re-inoculation. Two seeder pigs were placed into each of 4 contact pens each containing 4 pigs. This 1:2 seeder:contact ratio resulted in natural infection of 14\/16 (87%) contact pigs with incubation period ranging from 9\u201315 days. There were no significant differences among pens in incubation period, duration, clinical period or severity of diarrhea. These trials demonstrated that a 1:2 seeder:contact ratio with groups of six grower pigs per pen sustained natural transmission of<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>hyodysenteriae<\/jats:italic>G44 with greater consistency in the incidence of MMHD among pens compared to a<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>hampsonii<\/jats:italic>30446 transmission model using 1:3 seeder:contact ratio in pens of 12. Understanding why<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>hampsonii<\/jats:italic>intragastric inoculation failed in one experiment warrants additional research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T17:30:29Z","timestamp":1664299829000},"page":"e0275173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Experimental natural transmission (seeder pig) models for reproduction of swine dysentery"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6770-3032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan","family":"Parra-Aguirre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Nosach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Champika","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather L.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8741-0402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John C. S.","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0275173.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-015-0002-1","article-title":"Emergence of Brachyspira species and strains: reinforcing the need for surveillance","volume":"1","author":"DJ Hampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag"},{"key":"pone.0275173.ref002","article-title":"Aportaciones al diagn\u00f3stico y control de la disenter\u00eda porcina [Contributions to the diagnosis and control of swine dysentery]","author":"LM Aller Mor\u00e1n","year":"2017","journal-title":"Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Leon, France"},{"issue":"s1","key":"pone.0275173.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01312.x","article-title":"One world, one health: the threat of emerging swine diseases","volume":"59","author":"PR Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"A North American perspective. Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pone.0275173.ref004","first-page":"2010","article-title":"Detection of a novel Brachyspira species associated with haemorrhagic and necrotizing colitis","volume":"21","author":"JCS Harding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Int Pig Vet Soc Congr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275173.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.37.2.187-193.1979","article-title":"Types and distribution of anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine of pigs","volume":"37","author":"EG Russell","year":"1979","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0275173.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.03073-14","article-title":"The levels of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae binding to porcine colonic mucins differ between individuals, and binding is increased to mucins from infected pigs with de novo MUC5AC synthesis","volume":"83","author":"MP Quintana-Hayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275173.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587501200107","article-title":"The etiology of swine dysentery. III. The role of selected gram-negative obligate anaerobes","volume":"12","author":"RC Meyer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0275173.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587901600409","article-title":"Studies on the pathogenesis of swine dysentery. I. Characterization of the lesions in colons and colonic segments inoculated with pure cultures of colonic content containing Treponema hyodysenteriae","volume":"16","author":"BP Wilcock","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"59","key":"pone.0275173.ref009","article-title":"An avirulent Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strain elicits intestinal IgA and slows down spread of swine dysentery","volume":"48","author":"M Mahu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0275173.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)00018-I","article-title":"Serpulina hyodysenteriae challenge of fattening pigs vaccinated with an adjuvanted bivalent bacterin against swine dysentery","volume":"13","author":"R Diego","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275173.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57146","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057146","article-title":"Reproduction of mucohaemorrhagic diarrhea, colitis and shedding indistinguishable from swine dysentery following experimental inoculation with \"Brachyspira hampsonii\u201d strain 30446","volume":"8","author":"JE Rubin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"pone.0275173.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.12.020","article-title":"Development of a multiplex qPCR for detection and quantitation of pathogenic intestinal spirochaetes in the faeces of pigs and chickens","volume":"137","author":"Y Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0275173.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.11.2357-2360.1988","article-title":"Improved selective medium for the isolation of Treponema hyodysenteriae","volume":"26","author":"RA Kunkle","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"pone.0275173.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.02.008","article-title":"An up-date on the differentiation of Brachyspira species from pigs with nox-PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism","volume":"158","author":"J Rohde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0275173.ref015","first-page":"69","article-title":"Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research","volume":"24","author":"MM Mukaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"pone.0275173.ref016","article-title":"A comparison of Brachyspira hampsonii isolates and the evaluation of proteinase k vaccine preparations in swine","author":"C. Muehlenthaler","year":"2019","journal-title":"M.Sc. thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275173.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32182-9","article-title":"Swine dysentery: protection against experimental challenge following single dose parenteral immunisation with inactivated Treponema hyodysenteriae","volume":"35","author":"DS Fernie","year":"1983","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0275173.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.6.2244-2248.1994","article-title":"Reduced virulence of Serpulina hyodysenteriae hemolysin-negative mutants in pigs and their potential to protect pigs against challenge with a virulent strain","volume":"62","author":"DR Hyatt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275173.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.1.142-148.1995","article-title":"Isolation of extracytoplasmic proteins from Serpulina hyodysenteriae B204 and molecular cloning of the flaB1 gene encoding a 38-kilodalton flagellar protein","volume":"63","author":"JD Gabe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275173.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1993.tb00790.x","article-title":"Experiences with a vaccine being developed for the control of swine dysentery","volume":"70","author":"DJ Hampson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275173.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.01.012","article-title":"Direct contact transmission of three different foot-and-mouth disease virus strains in swine demonstrates important strain-specific differences","volume":"193","author":"JM Pacheco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"pone.0275173.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/745","article-title":"Cleaning and disinfection with Virkon S significantly reduces Lawsonia intracellularis survival and transmission to naive pigs","volume":"21","author":"AM Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275173.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.1.141-146.1996","article-title":"Natural transmission of Salmonella choleraesuis in swine","volume":"62","author":"JT Gray","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0275173.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.02.002","article-title":"Impact of colistin administered before or after inoculation on the transmission of a mcr-1 colistin-resistant Escherichia coli strain between pigs","volume":"230","author":"G Mourand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0275173.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05323-0","article-title":"Experimental swine dysentery: comparison between infection models","volume":"53","author":"M Jacobson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0275173.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712457927","article-title":"Comparative virulence of clinical Brachyspira spp. isolates in inoculated pigs","volume":"24","author":"ER Burrough","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275173.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.08.004","article-title":"Cessation of clinical disease and spirochete shedding after tiamulin treatment in pigs experimentally infected with \"Brachyspira hampsonii\"","volume":"97","author":"BL Wilberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0275173.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813516646","article-title":"Comparison of lesion severity, distribution, and colonic mucin expression in pigs with acute swine dysentery following oral inoculation with \"Brachyspira hampsonii\" or Brachyspira hyodysenteriae","volume":"51","author":"BL Wilberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275173.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-129","article-title":"Confirmation that \"Brachyspira hampsonii\" clade I (Canadian strain 30599) causes mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and colitis in experimentally infected pigs","volume":"10","author":"MO Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275173.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0668-5","article-title":"An atypical weakly haemolytic strain of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is avirulent and can be used to protect pigs from developing swine dysentery","volume":"50","author":"T La","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0275173.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.01.003","article-title":"Stress hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) effects on the anaerobic bacteria","volume":"44","author":"L. Boyanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"pone.0275173.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-6","article-title":"The use of ELISAs for monitoring exposure of pig herds to Brachyspira hyodysenteriae","volume":"8","author":"Y Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0275173.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.05.016","article-title":"Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolated from apparently healthy pig herds following an evaluation of a prototype commercial serological ELISA","volume":"191","author":"DJ Hampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0275173.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.08.021","article-title":"Development of a serological ELISA using a recombinant protein to identify pig herds infected with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae","volume":"206","author":"Y Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0275173.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0131050","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131050","article-title":"Analysis of multiple Brachyspira hyodysenteriae genomes confirms that the apecies is relatively conserved but has potentially important strain variation","volume":"10","author":"M Black","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"137","key":"pone.0275173.ref036","article-title":"Fecal shedding of Brachyspira spp. on a farrow-to-finish swine farm with a clinical history of \" Brachyspira hampsonii\"-associated colitis","volume":"9","author":"AH Patterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0275173.ref037","article-title":"Improving the diagnostic methods and processes for the identification and characterization of Brachyspira","author":"DGRS Kulathunga","year":"2021","journal-title":"PhD. dissertation, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0275173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T19:48:49Z","timestamp":1728071329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0275173"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Douglas","family":"Gladue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0275173","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]}}}