{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T11:20:11Z","timestamp":1753183211237,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007316","name":"Klaus Tschira Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":[".00.333.2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":[".00.333.2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scoliosis is one of the most common pediatric spinal diseases that leads to a three-dimensional deformity of the spine and has a high risk of progression during growth. Regular clinical monitoring and follow-up X-rays are needed to providing proper treatment at that time. Repetitive X-rays can results in an increased risk of radiation related health problems. We present a non-invasive, ionizing radiation-free method for assessing scoliosis and its progression from the 3D images of the body torso, captured by a body scanner. A new concept is introduced based on a mathematical method in polar coordinate system to quantify and characterize the deformities in the torso from 2D transverse cross-sections of the 3D torso images at example cases for a healthy individual and for two patients with scoliosis. To capture quantitatively the characteristics of scoliosis, and to verify them at the example cases two asymmetry parameters and a linear fitting parameter are calculated: a) back side area asymmetry, b) left right area asymmetry, and c) coefficient of determination (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Within the analyzed patients, both the area asymmetries are maximum at the apex of scoliosis, and increase with the severity of scoliosis. <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> values are smaller in the case of patients compared with the healthy. Furthermore, the parameters show a trend when compared with the Cobb angle from the X-ray and the findings match with clinical examination. Therefore, the quantities are able to capture, certain characteristics associated with scoliosis. These quantities can be compared as a measure of deformities of torso, during the follow-up examinations in the future, without ionizing radiations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T17:40:47Z","timestamp":1664559647000},"page":"e0275395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A non-invasive method for scoliosis assessment\u2014A new mathematical concept using polar angle"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Susmita","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander 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